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	<title>风景园林新青年 YouthLA &#187; 周啸</title>
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	<description>风景园林新青年，是一个负有使命感的非营利性网站，它致力于树立设计师的社会责任感，为青年设计师和风景园林学子提供学习、交流的平台。该网站由一批具有风景园林背景的青年设计师自发创办，秉着客观公正、认真负责的态度推动该事业的前进。</description>
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		<title>认识绿道：一种风景园林规划策略（下）</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2011/06/understanding-greenway-as-a-landscape-planning-strategy-2/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2011/06/understanding-greenway-as-a-landscape-planning-strategy-2/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 22 Jun 2011 06:22:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>周啸</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[视角]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greenway]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jack Ahern]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[布法罗河湾散步道]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[绿道]]></category>

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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>编者按：本文为Jack Ahern教授深圳、广州绿道讲座的翻译和总结（下篇），本文主要介绍了绿道规划的几种策略和案例分析。希望这篇总结使大家对绿道有一个基础的认识。</p></blockquote>
<h3><a title="认识绿道：一种风景园林规划策略（上）" href="http://www.youthla.org/2011/06/understanding-greenway-as-a-landscape-planning-strategy-1/" target="_blank">认识绿道：一种风景园林规划策略（上）</a></h3>
<h3>6 绿道规划的四种策略</h3>
<p>Jack Ahern教授提出了四种绿道规划的策略：保护性策略、防御性策略、攻击性策略和机遇性策略（图1）。以下针对每一种策略将通过案例进行进一步讨论：</p>
<div id="attachment_5031" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 560px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5031" title="understanding-greenway-2-01" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-2-01.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="762" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图1：四种绿道规划策略示意图，从上至下依次为保护性策略、防御性策略、攻击性策略和机遇性策略。 Image Credit: Jack Ahern</p></div>
<h4>6.1 保护性策略</h4>
<p>保护性策略应用于当现有的情况是支持可持续的景观过程和格局时。在这种策略下，绿道保护其内部景观不被人为改变，而其周边很可能被改变。一般来说，这类绿道包括了世界遗产、国家公园、大型栖息地等。</p>
<p>一个此类绿道的经典案例是佛罗里达州级绿道规划。 这个项目是由风景园林师以及佛罗里达大学的规划师带领的跨学科专家共同完成的，其基本理念是用游憩散步道将重要的野生动物栖息地连接起来。</p>
<p>规划的第一步是用GIS(地理信息系统)将佛罗里达州的野生动物栖息地按照重要性分成六级，并在地图中标注（图2）。</p>
<div id="attachment_5032" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5032" title="understanding-greenway-2-02" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-2-02.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="562" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图2：佛罗里达州野生动物栖息地重要性图示。 Image Credit: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/gwt/guide/</p></div>
<p>接下来，以上图为基础，通过与群众和土地所有者的沟通交流进行修改便得到了更加合理可行的绿道规划图（图3）。</p>
<div id="attachment_5033" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5033" title="understanding-greenway-2-03" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-2-03.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="687" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图3：修改后的福罗里达州绿道规划图。 Image Credit: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/gwt/guide/ </p></div>
<p>为了向更多人解释和推广佛罗里达州绿道规划的意义，官方绘制了下图（图4）。这幅图通过很简单的图示解释了这项绿道规划的结构和意义，即用廊道把不同的栖息地连接起来。</p>
<div id="attachment_5034" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5034" title="understanding-greenway-2-04" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-2-04.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="625" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图4： 佛罗里达州绿道概念图——“核心与廊道”图。 Image Credit: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/gwt/guide/</p></div>
<p>这项项目目前已经建成，官方网站叫做“Florida’s Greenways and Trails”（佛罗里达绿道与散步道）（图5），官方网站地址是：http://www.dep.state.fl.us/gwt/guide/。这个项目的特点是他成功的协调了官方与民众的意愿，这样的规划结果是非常科学合理的，而且它通过简洁的图例有力的推广了这个大型的项目。</p>
<div id="attachment_5035" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 617px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5035" title="understanding-greenway-2-05" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-2-05.jpg" alt="" width="607" height="515" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图5：佛罗里达绿道与散步道官网示意图。 Image Credit: http://www.dep.state.fl.us/gwt/guide</p></div>
<h4>6.2 防御性策略</h4>
<p>当现有的绿地是破碎的、少量的而且是互相没有联系的时候，我们就要使用防御性的措施。这种措施针对土地破碎化所带来的负面影响，减少或者停止这种进程，以保护已经受损的土地。这种策略被认为是不够有效的，亡羊补牢的方式，通过这种方式，绿道可以为不断减少的自然资源加上屏障。这类绿道一般包括区域或地方公园、储备起来的土地以及分区规划确定的保护地。</p>
<p>这里举一个简单的案例（图6）：威斯康辛州、伊利诺伊州和印第安纳州绿色基础设施规划。图中显示的灰色区域是城市化的土地，在这个高度城市化的区域中可以看到一些线性、块状的绿地穿梭其中，这便是在防御性理念指导下保护起来的城市内的绿地，也可以理解为大尺度上的城市绿色基础设施。</p>
<div id="attachment_5036" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 572px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5036" title="understanding-greenway-2-06" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-2-06.jpg" alt="" width="562" height="843" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图6：威斯康辛州、伊利诺伊州和印第安纳州绿色基础设施规划。 Image Credit: Jack Ahern</p></div>
<h4>6.3 攻击性策略</h4>
<p>这种策略一般是基于明确的规划基础上，将现有的、受到干扰和破碎化的绿地上将自然重新建立或是恢复。这种策略需要丰富的规划知识、生态恢复知识和大量的资金投入。它经常被应用于欧洲国家，因为这里经历上百年发展已经很少有空间能让自然产生防御或是保护的功能。简单说来，这种策略就是“把自然请回来”。这类绿道一般包括了棕地恢复、被填埋河道再曝露以及绿色基础设施等土地。</p>
<p>下面讲一个经典的案例，此案例位于美国德克萨斯州（图7）休士顿市的布法罗河口，墨西哥湾以西往内陆50公里处。设计单位是著名的SWA Group。原厂地虽然位于休士顿市中心不远处，但是由于被高架桥包围，加上河水的恶臭，是一个非常令人不快的去处（图8）。</p>
<div id="attachment_5037" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5037" title="understanding-greenway-2-07" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-2-07.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="519" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图7：斜线表示布法罗河口分水岭，黄色区域为休士顿市。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_5038" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 510px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5038" title="understanding-greenway-2-08" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-2-08.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="658" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图8：场地设计前情况，污染的河水与交错的高架桥。</p></div>
<p>SWA通过一系列设计手段，包括土方的重新挖填、植被的再设计以及河岸的生态处理等等，将布法罗河口变成了一处风景宜人又具有生态价值的开放空间（图9、图10）。同时利用散步道、自行车道、坡道和台阶将河道与城市进行了连接（图11）。</p>
<div id="attachment_5039" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 654px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5039" title="understanding-greenway-2-09" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-2-09.jpg" alt="" width="644" height="449" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图9：鸟瞰设计后的场地。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_5040" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5040" title="understanding-greenway-2-10" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-2-10.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="422" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图10，设计截面图，左侧的河岸处理使用了石笼，这种措施可以固定河岸，同时石头的间隙可为昆虫类保留栖息空间。虚线内的灰色区域显示的是原有土方，设计师为了视觉效果，将坡度降低，同时在河岸一侧进行大量种植，为生物提供栖息地。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_5041" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5041" title="understanding-greenway-2-11-1" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-2-11-1.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="449" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图11-1：高架桥下的自行车道。Photo Credit: SWA Group</p></div>
<div id="attachment_5042" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5042" title="understanding-greenway-2-11-2" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-2-11-2.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="450" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图11-2：台阶将人们引入亲水空间。Photo Credit: SWA Group</p></div>
<p>这个项目获得了美国风景园林协会2009年的设计类大奖（<a href="http://www.asla.org/2009awards/">http://www.asla.org/2009awards/</a>），评委会对它的评语是：“这个项目在设计尺度、比例、材料和原则的坚持方面做出了杰出的表率。”</p>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.youthla.org/2010/11/under-the-interstate/">关于此项目的更详细介绍可阅读此文：在交错的公路桥下</a></strong></p>
<h4>6.4. 机遇性策略</h4>
<p>某些景观为绿道规划提供了特殊的机遇，比如在美国的“火车道变步道”运动（rails to trail movement）就是机遇性绿道规划的极好的案例（火车道变步道管理处官方网页：<a href="http://www.railstotrails.org/index.html">http://www.railstotrails.org/index.html</a>）。这种可以转化为绿道的景观通常是程线性的，比如交通系统、城市基础设施以及绿色基础设施等等，而且这种策略通常要与其他规划手段相结合。</p>
<p>绿道有众多不同的定义、尺度、目的、内容以及规划方式，这里提出的四种规划策略试图为日益增多的绿道国际交流提供一个更加清晰的、跨文化界限的基础，以便加强交流合作。</p>
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		<title>认识绿道：一种风景园林规划策略（上）</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2011/06/understanding-greenway-as-a-landscape-planning-strategy-1/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2011/06/understanding-greenway-as-a-landscape-planning-strategy-1/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 09 Jun 2011 04:12:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>周啸</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[视角]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greenway]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jack Ahern]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[绿道]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.youthla.org/?p=4978</guid>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>编者按：本文为Jack Ahern教授深圳、广州绿道讲座的翻译和总结（上篇），本文主要介绍了绿道的定义、本质以及相关案例。希望这篇总结使大家对绿道有一个基础的认识，下篇总结将会以绿道规划的几种策略和案例分析为主，敬请关注。</p></blockquote>
<h3>1 绿道的定义</h3>
<p>Little、 Flink和Searns把绿道定义为一种线性开放空间，它是由自然廊道，比如滨水空间、溪谷、山脊线或者是火车道直接转换成的游憩用地、风景道路或者是其他线路(Little, 1990; Flink and Searns, 1993)。Fabos在此基础上强调了绿道的生态、游憩和文化历史保护的理念(Fabos, 1995)。Jogman在同意Fabos对绿道多功能性的基础上强调了绿道是为人类服务的，是有链接城市和城郊景观的功能的(Jogman, 2004)。</p>
<p>Jack Ahern的定义明确的指出了绿道的多功能性和可持续的土地利用理念。他认为：绿道是经过精心规划、设计和管理的土地网络，这个网络是多功能的，包括了生态、游憩、文化、美学以及其他多种功能，这些功能可以被集中的以可持续的方式在此土地网络上实现(Ahern, 1995)。</p>
<p>实际上，许多其他的学术定义，比如生态网络、开放空间系统、栖息地网络、野生动物廊道等等，都和绿道有着相似的功能，“绿道”这个名字有着统一他们的可能性。</p>
<p>这许多绿道的定义虽然不同，但构成这些定义的基础认识是一致的：资源共生的假设、连通性和多种功能的集中性(Ahern, 1995)。这些就是绿道的本质。</p>
<h3>2 资源共生的假设</h3>
<p>此假设认为：重要的生态、历史文化和游憩资源在空间上不是随机分布的，而是非常明显的聚集在可识别的廊道上的。</p>
<p>菲利普·路易斯(Phillip Lewis)在1964年所作的一项研究被认为是验证绿道资源共生假设的最早的尝试。此项研究名为威斯康辛州游憩、散步道规划（Wisconsin Recreation and Trails Plan）。菲利普时任威斯康辛大学景观学系教授，他派遣自己的学生对本州大约300余处资源进行了标示，最后将这些标示的地图在一个硕大的房间内一张张拼在一起（当时还没有电脑），构成了下面这张著名的图表（图1），根据图中显示发现：威斯康辛州近90%以上的资源集中在明确的廊道上。</p>
<div id="attachment_4987" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 410px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4987 " title="understanding-greenway-01" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-01.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="480" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图1. 威斯康辛州游憩、散步道规划 Image resource:http://www.umass.edu/greenway/Greenways/2GR-his.html</p></div>
<h3>3 连通性</h3>
<p>连通性在风景园林中被理解为一种空间特征，这种特征通过接驳、相邻或者是功能上的相连等方式来支持特定的过程与功能，使它们正常运作。这些过程与功能包括野生动物的迁徙、水体的流动、养分的流动、人类的活动等等，如果失去了连通性，那么这些过程与功能将不复存在。现代社会许多其他方面也要求有连通性，比如交通系统、网络系统等等，然而现代城市的发展很大程度上使得自然系统变得支离破碎。</p>
<p>自然系统的连接方式是多样的。比如水体需要一个物理形式上连续的系统因为水体的流动跟重力作用和地形的变化息息相关；再比如野生动物的迁徙，不同的物种对自然系统的连接方式要求是不同的，有些鸟类可以通过类似“汀步”的栖息地达成迁徙，而有些物种（比如爬行动物）则需要一个联通的廊道，汀步之间的空间距离也与不同物种的习性相关。图2显示了几种自然系统连接的可能性。</p>
<div id="attachment_4988" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 569px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4988" title="understanding-greenway-02" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-02.jpg" alt="" width="559" height="784" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图2. 自然系统连通性的几种可能 Image resource: Forman</p></div>
<p>那么野生动物在迁徙中是不是真的使用了廊道呢？下面这个实验可以作为一个证据（图3）。澳大利亚的野生动物研究者在考拉的脖子上安装了卫星定位仪器，从而观察受到城市发展威胁的考拉们是如何迁徙的。下图中的黑色小点就是研究者们记录下的考拉迁徙时的在不同时间所处的地理位置，这些黑点很明显的集中在一条廊道上。那么我们可以推测，在未来的城市发展中，如果保护了这条廊道，考拉的生境应该可以得到最大程度的保护。</p>
<div id="attachment_4989" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4989" title="understanding-greenway-03" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-03.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="709" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图3. 考拉迁徙的路径研究 Image resource: Forman</p></div>
<p>另一个例子是著名的波士顿公园系统，又名翡翠项链（Boston Emerald Necklace）（图4-1）。它的设计师是风景园林专业的创始者奥姆斯特德（Frederick L. Olmsted），这个项目完成于距今120多年前的1890年，当时虽然还没有绿道的概念，但奥姆斯特得在设计此项目的过程中很明确的保持了其连通性，使得120年后的今天，它能在作为一个健康运作的城市公园的同时还是野生动物的天堂（图4-2）。</p>
<div id="attachment_4990" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4990" title="understanding-greenway-041" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-041.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="327" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图4-1. 波士顿翡翠项链 Image resource: wikipedia</p></div>
<div id="attachment_4991" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4991" title="understanding-greenway-042" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-042.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="433" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图4-2. 波士顿翡翠项链中的野生动物 Image resource: http://www.emeraldnecklace.org</p></div>
<h3>4 多种功能的集中性</h3>
<p>此项原则指的是绿道能在最小的空间里包容多种功能，这一点体现出了绿道作为规划策略的优势。下面通过三点来解释：</p>
<p>第一是多种功能共存的可行性。这一点的前提是多种功能的共存不会使原有单一功能遭到破坏。最常见的是绿道中动物栖息地和人类游憩功能的冲突，绿道规划研究中对特定物种对栖息地的要求理解的还不够深入，这就使得这方面的绿道规划非常困难。需要明确的一点是，不同物种对多功能共存的适应性是不够的，比如对森林内部干扰非常敏感的物种是很难接受绿道的，这就需要在绿道管理上实施游人进入的时间控制，使人类的干扰降低。</p>
<p>第二是经济上的受益。由于绿道对土地利用的集中性，多余的土地可以被用于其他用途，在管理上也由于空间的集中而降低了开销。从广义上讲，绿道这种线性的开放空间一旦被建立和保护，其周边的城市发展会从发散走向集中，从而减少了为分散的城市建设的基础设施的费用；而且绿道的建设也会使周边土地增值，从而吸引投资；此外，绿道还具有环境保护的功能，比如防洪、储水、净水和减少城市热导效应。</p>
<p>最后是政治上的支持。由于绿道的多功能性，它便承担了多方面的效益，参与和支持绿道建设的政治团体会多样化。这方面经常拿绿道和绿带（Greenbelt）进行比较，后者是单一功能的，为了限制城市发展而建立起来的。由于绿带的划定建立在行政区划的边界上而不是自然元素上，它就更容易由于土地使用方式的转变而受到侵害。由于城市的不断扩张，这类绿带经常被迫变成了城市发展用地的“银行”，在需要的时候被支取掉。而绿道由于多方面政治团体的支持，在城市发展中受到的压力应该较小。</p>
<h3>5 案例分析——瓦尔登通道（Walden Passage）</h3>
<p>（<a href="http://www.umass.edu/waldenpassage">欢迎下载本案例的完整报告：www.umass.edu/waldenpassage</a>）</p>
<p>此案例位于波士顿郊区的一个小镇上（图5），这里曾是美国环境主义之父，著名的作家亨利 罗素（Henry David Thoreau）居住过的地方。2007年，Jack Ahern教授作为领队，与麻省大学风景园林系（University of Massachusetts Amherst, LARP）的学生以及许多其他相关专业的专家应邀对此地进行绿道规划的研究。</p>
<div id="attachment_4992" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4992" title="understanding-greenway-05" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-05.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="473" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图5. 案例位置，波士顿的郊区</p></div>
<p>研究的主要目的是通过绿道规划，解决高速路对人类和动物通行带来的阻断问题（图6），并使此项研究称为未来可持续交通系统的一个典范。整个研究过程中包括了很多次的研讨会，这些研讨会邀请了当地的居民和政府官员参加，使他们了解整个过程并参与到规划设计中来（图7）。</p>
<div id="attachment_4993" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4993" title="understanding-greenway-06" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-06.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="449" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图6. 当地土地使用图解，中间的高速路阻断了行人和动物的通行 Image resource: Jack Ahern</p></div>
<div id="attachment_4994" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4994" title="understanding-greenway-07" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-07.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="321" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图7. 在研讨会上听讲的当地群众 Image resource: Jack Ahern</p></div>
<p>研究小组的分析包括了对文字记录和影像记录的分析，得出了本地区有哪些常见动物在使用现有通道（图8），以及使用通道的动物的数量（图9）。通过这些分析和进一步研究选出了三个备选地址作为恢复绿道连接的场地（图10）（具体方法和指标请参考本案例的具体报告：<a href="http://www.umass.edu/waldenpassage">www.umass.edu/waldenpassage</a>，篇幅原因就不在此赘述）。</p>
<div id="attachment_4997" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 624px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4997" title="understanding-greenway-08" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-08.jpg" alt="" width="614" height="463" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图8. 哪些动物在使用现有通道，哪些没有使用 Image resource: Jack Ahern</p></div>
<div id="attachment_4998" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 500px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4998" title="understanding-greenway-09" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-09.jpg" alt="" width="490" height="586" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图9. 使用通道的每种动物的数量 Image resource: Jack Ahern</p></div>
<div id="attachment_4999" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4999" title="understanding-greenway-10" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-10.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="524" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图10. 图中的绿色虚线圈出了三个备选地址 Image resource: Jack Ahern</p></div>
<p>第一处备选地址为图10中左侧选区内高速路通过的一座年久失修的石桥，这座桥由于桥下空间限制，只能使会游泳的动物通过（图11），而不会游泳的动物则需要从桥面的高速路上通过，很容易造成事故（Road Kill）。研究小组据此设计了一座新桥，桥下的空间被增大，并提供了行人和动物通行的通道（图12）。</p>
<div id="attachment_5000" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 600px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5000" title="understanding-greenway-11" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-11.jpg" alt="" width="590" height="442" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图11. 备选地址一的石桥下面空间限制了不会游泳的动物的通过 Image resource: Jack Ahern</p></div>
<div id="attachment_5001" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5001" title="understanding-greenway-12" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-12.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="258" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图12. 设计的新桥下为行人和动物设计了通道 Image resource: Jack Ahern</p></div>
<p>第二处备选地址为图10中中部选区内高速路下的铁路通道（图13），这个通道已经有动物在使用，比如狼、狐狸和麋鹿，但是却没有行人使用的空间。研究小组因此给行人设计了通道（图14）。</p>
<div id="attachment_5002" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 512px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5002" title="understanding-greenway-13" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-13.jpg" alt="" width="502" height="377" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图13. 备选地址二，高速路下有铁路通过 Image resource: Jack Ahern</p></div>
<div id="attachment_5003" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5003" title="understanding-greenway-14" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-14.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="305" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图14. 增加的行人通道 Image resource: Jack Ahern</p></div>
<p>第三处备选地址为图10右侧跨高速路的场地（图15），研究小组在这里设计了一座绿桥，以连接高速路两侧具有生态和游憩价值的瓦尔登湖(Walden Pond)和瓦尔登林地(Walden Wood)，这座绿桥包含了野生动物廊道以及人类步行的功能，在把被高速路切断的绿地重新建立起连接的同时还提供了游憩功能，此外，由于绿桥的体量和场地的特殊性（亨利·罗素居住地），它又成为了环境教育的平台。</p>
<div id="attachment_5004" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 437px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5004" title="understanding-greenway-15" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-15.jpg" alt="" width="427" height="321" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图15. 备选地址三 Image resource: Jack Ahern</p></div>
<div id="attachment_5005" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5005" title="understanding-greenway-16" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-16.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="371" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图16. 设计的绿桥 Image resource: Jack Ahern</p></div>
<div id="attachment_5006" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 401px"><img class="size-full wp-image-5006" title="understanding-greenway-17" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/understanding-greenway-17.jpg" alt="" width="391" height="426" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图17. 绿桥的断面，中间为行人空间，两侧为动物廊道 Image resource: Jack Ahern</p></div>
<p>最终，第三个选项被选中，因为它很好的建立了生态连接，又完成了多功能的集中，为未来解决类似问题提供了一个范例。</p>
<p><a title="认识绿道：一种风景园林规划策略（下）" href="http://www.youthla.org/2011/06/understanding-greenway-as-a-landscape-planning-strategy-2/">继续阅读：认识绿道：一种风景园林规划策略（下）</a></p>
<h4><span style="color: #888888;">参考书目：</span></h4>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">Ahern, J., 1995. Greenways as a planning strategy. Landscape Urban Plan. 33 (1–3), 131–156.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">F´abos, J.G., 1995. Introduction and overview: The greenway movement, uses and potentials of greenways. Landscape Urban Plan. 33 (1–3), 1–13.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">Flink, C.H., Searns, R.M., 1993. Greenways: Guide to Planning, Design and Development. Island press, Washington, DC.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">Jongman, R.H.G., Kulvik, M., Kristiansen, I., 2004. European ecological networks and greenways. Landscape Urban Plan. 68(2–3), 305–320.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">Little, C.E., 1990. Greenways for America. Johns Hopkins, University Press, Baltimore</span></li>
</ul>
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		<title>新青年读老经典之五角大楼纪念碑</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2010/12/a-mild-memorial-the-pentagon-memorial/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2010/12/a-mild-memorial-the-pentagon-memorial/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 06 Dec 2010 06:45:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>周啸</dc:creator>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>编者按：华盛顿无数的纪念碑中，五角大楼纪念碑是比较新的一座，它的特殊性不仅在于其纪念的事件对于美国如此的重要，还在于它的设计手法非常的别致。本文记录了作者游览纪念碑的所观所感。</p></blockquote>
<p>华盛顿给我最为深刻的印象就是那里的各式各样的纪念碑，每一个都有自己的特点，每一个都有自己的故事。而且都是非常精良的设计，看得我大呼过瘾，这其中我最为喜欢的是五角大楼纪念碑（Pentagon Memorial）和越战纪念碑（Vietnam Veterans Memorial）。</p>
<p>五角大楼纪念碑由Kaseman Beckman Advanced Strategies (KBAS)建筑设计事务所设计，坐落于华盛顿五角大楼的西侧，纪念碑于2008年9月11日正式对公众开放。这座纪念碑是为了纪念在2001年“9.11”恐怖袭击事件中在这里失去生命的184位美国公民而建造的。</p>
<div id="attachment_3563" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 640px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3563" title="pentagon-memorial-01" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-01.jpg" alt="" width="630" height="400" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图1：纪念碑和五角大楼的位置关系</p></div>
<p>有趣的是，整个纪念碑实际上是一个展院。整个场地呈“菜刀”形，面积1.93英亩（7,800平方米），设计师独具匠心的用184个特制的长椅来代表每一个逝去的生命，这些长椅根据死者的年龄来布置（最小3岁，最大71岁），年龄越大则位置越靠北，也就是场地的内侧。</p>
<div id="attachment_3564" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 421px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3564" title="pentagon-memorial-02" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-02.jpg" alt="" width="411" height="490" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图2：纪念碑总平面</p></div>
<div id="attachment_3565" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 672px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3565" title="pentagon-memorial-03" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-03.jpg" alt="" width="662" height="497" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图3：入口是一个长条黑色大理石，右侧的文字为：“We claim this ground in remembrance of the event of September 11, 2001. To honor the 184 people whose lives were lost, their families, and all who sacrifice that we may live in freedom. We will never forget”（我们以此地去慰藉那些在2001年&quot;9.11&quot;恐怖袭击事件中逝去生命的184位美国公民，还有他们的家人，以及那些为了自由而牺牲的人们，你们将永垂不朽──编者注）</p></div>
<div id="attachment_3566" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 672px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3566" title="pentagon-memorial-04" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-04.jpg" alt="" width="662" height="497" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图4：入口的铺装上醒目的镌刻着恐怖袭击发生的具体时间</p></div>
<p>场地内的每个长椅都在翘起一侧刻上了相对应的死者姓名。这些长椅的摆放方式并不一样，有的朝向西南，有的朝向东北，这是因为一部分死者牺牲在了五角大楼内，而另一部分死者则牺牲在撞来的飞机上。当参观者面向长椅翘起的一侧观察死者名字时，他或面对五角大楼，或面对当时撞向五角大楼的飞机来向。而整个设计中的斜向的铺装就代表了飞机的航线。</p>
<div id="attachment_3567" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 672px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3567" title="pentagon-memorial-05" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-05.jpg" alt="" width="662" height="497" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图5：长椅翘起的一侧刻着逝者的名字</p></div>
<div id="attachment_3569" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 672px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3569" title="pentagon-memorial-06" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-06.jpg" alt="" width="662" height="497" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图6：整个场地有大约85株血皮槭（paperbark maple），这种树的树皮脱落后露出血红色的树干，树叶在秋季也会变红，这里面的寓意不言自明</p></div>
<div id="attachment_3568" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 672px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3568" title="pentagon-memorial-07" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-07.jpg" alt="" width="662" height="497" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图7：量一下尺度，大概40cm宽，里面是大理石，外侧是不锈钢镶边</p></div>
<div id="attachment_3570" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 507px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3570" title="pentagon-memorial-08" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-08.jpg" alt="" width="497" height="662" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图8：不锈钢镶边延伸到场地的边缘</p></div>
<div id="attachment_3571" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 507px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3571" title="pentagon-memorial-09" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-09.jpg" alt="" width="497" height="662" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图9：不锈钢镶边延伸过来后在场地边缘的石墙上的细节。这上面的年份是上张图看到的长椅所代表的死者的生日。右侧微微翘起的结构中设置有灯</p></div>
<div id="attachment_3572" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 672px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3572" title="pentagon-memorial-10" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-10.jpg" alt="" width="662" height="497" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图10：长椅下面是一个矩形的水池，水池在长椅探出地面的一侧不断的有水流出来，发出潺潺的低吟</p></div>
<div id="attachment_3573" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 672px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3573" title="pentagon-memorial-11" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-11.jpg" alt="" width="662" height="497" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图11：一些带状的铺装提供了舒适的步道</p></div>
<div id="attachment_3574" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 507px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3574" title="pentagon-memorial-12" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-12.jpg" alt="" width="497" height="662" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图12：我去这里参观的时间是9月10号，第二天这里将要举行隆重的纪念仪式。看来已经有人来祭奠过了</p></div>
<div id="attachment_3575" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 672px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3575" title="pentagon-memorial-13" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-13.jpg" alt="" width="662" height="497" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图13：重复、简洁的设计词汇强化了设计的理念，感觉蛮震撼的</p></div>
<div id="attachment_3576" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 676px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3576" title="pentagon-memorial-14" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-14.jpg" alt="" width="666" height="374" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图14：夜间照明效果1 Phtot Credit: flickr.com/people/jjgardner3/</p></div>
<div id="attachment_3577" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 676px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3577" title="pentagon-memorial-15" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-15.jpg" alt="" width="666" height="374" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图15：夜间照明效果2 Phtot Credit: flickr.com/people/jjgardner3/</p></div>
<div id="attachment_3578" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 676px"><img class="size-full wp-image-3578" title="pentagon-memorial-16" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/pentagon-memorial-16.jpg" alt="" width="666" height="374" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图16：夜间照明效果3 Phtot Credit: flickr.com/people/jjgardner3/</p></div>
<p>总体来说，这个设计的尺度非常的人性化，每个场地的细节都考虑到了与逝者的关系，与观者的关系。通过视觉上的冲击与听觉上的刺激达成了观者与逝者的对话，而且这种对话是如此的委婉和温情，让人特别的感动。唯一遗憾的是场地紧邻公路，车辆行驶的嘈杂给这个肃穆而温情的设计带了一定的影响。</p>
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<p>Related posts:<ol><li><a href='http://www.youthla.org/2011/05/back-to-the-source/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: 溯源'>溯源</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.youthla.org/2011/04/experience-the-creation-of-sidewinder-with-patrick-dougherty/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: “蜿蜒者”的诞生'>“蜿蜒者”的诞生</a></li>
<li><a href='http://www.youthla.org/2011/06/understanding-greenway-as-a-landscape-planning-strategy-2/' rel='bookmark' title='Permanent Link: 认识绿道：一种风景园林规划策略（下）'>认识绿道：一种风景园林规划策略（下）</a></li>
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		<title>马萨诸塞大学风景园林专业的点点滴滴</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2010/01/something-about-landscape-architecture-program-at-umass-amherst/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2010/01/something-about-landscape-architecture-program-at-umass-amherst/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2010 14:42:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>周啸</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[杂言]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[留学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[马萨诸塞大学 UMass]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.youthla.org/?p=1069</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[编者按：作者如同讲解自家历史悠久的大院一般，对马萨诸塞大学的风景园林专业从师资、课程设置、日常学习生活等多个角度进行了介绍。看似家常的文字中流露出对专业和生活的热爱以及对理想的执着追求。 <table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>编者按：作者如同讲解自家历史悠久的大院一般，对马萨诸塞大学的风景园林专业从师资、课程设置、日常学习生活等多个角度进行了介绍。看似家常的文字中流露出对专业和生活的热爱以及对理想的执着追求。</p></blockquote>
<h3>梦想</h3>
<p>时间如同白驹过隙，眨眼间已经来美国一学期了。虽然经历了许多新鲜事物，但曾经为出国，为梦想奋斗的日子仍然历历在目。别笑话我是个自虐的人，但我觉得吃苦的日子总是比较值得回忆，当打着梦想的旗号去倾尽全力的时候，生活比任何时候都充实。那些考G考T的废寝忘食的日日夜夜以及为了作品集而焦头烂额的几个礼拜都给记忆抹上了重重的一笔，当然，最重要的还是在这个过程中认识的伙伴，与他们的友谊永远是前进的加速器。</p>
<h3>我们镇</h3>
<p>UMass Amherst紧邻着Amherst小镇，这座有250年历史的新英格兰小镇本身就像一幅风景画，我每天就像生活在画中，那红色、绿色和黄色都是如此的亮丽，如此的可爱，让人有种忍不住想将其拥入怀中的冲动。身边时不时窜出的小松鼠用豆大的黑亮的眼睛瞅着我，然后蹦蹦跳跳地跑进树丛，这景色醇的像美酒，把人熏得如痴如醉，有时候恍惚觉得自己置身于宫崎骏动画的某个场景之中。</p>
<h4><img title="amherst-landscape" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/amherst-landscape.jpg" alt="amherst-landscape" width="612" height="600" /></h4>
<h3>我们系</h3>
<p>Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning – LARP。我们系和Mental Health系共用一栋楼，大家打哈哈的说这个布局真合理，谁要是被课业逼得想不开可以直奔Mental Health去看看病。 在美国，UMass的风景园林系是仅次于GSD的最老的系了，它起源于Frank A. Waugh在1903年创立的庭院设计（Landscape Gardening）本科专业，之后的一百年间，这个系不断发展、变革，形成了今天的UMass风景园林系。</p>
<p>如今，庭院设计出身的UMass风景园林系，在近年来以大尺度、生态化的风景园林规划思想参与到世界各地的知名项目中，这方面最著名的要数Julius Gy. Fabos教授和已故的Ervin Zube教授。Fabos教授是绿脉理论的执牛耳者，以他名字命名的Fabos国际会议每3年举办一次，目的在于推动国际绿脉运动；而另一位Zube教授也是风景园林行业重要的推动者，系里每周四下午举办的Zube Lecture都会邀请国内国际知名的设计师前来为学生做演讲，并以这种方式纪念Zube教授。此外，这两人还都是美国风景园林协会最高荣誉——ASLA金质奖章的获得者。</p>
<p>还有一位不得不提的教授，因为大家聊起天来总是不可避免的谈到他，谈到他又对谁谁发火了；又把谁的作品批评的体无完肤。他被戏称为UMass的传说，因为他在UMass已经度过了近半个世纪，也就是说近一半UMass风景园林系的发展变化他都经历过。他就是Joseph S.R. Volpe教授。Volpe教授已经年逾70，但仍精神抖擞，每学期身兼2~3门课程或者Studio，其精力之旺盛常让人自叹不如、对教学之热爱精神让人尊敬无比。Volpe教授主要教尺度相对较小的设计类课程，比如Garden Design，以及设计基础Design Fundamentals。Volpe教授对中国学生很有好感，认为中国学生勤奋好学而且有天赋，他曾经教过的学生包括易兰的陈跃中，第41届IFLA学生竞赛冠军、现在张唐景观设计事务所合伙人张东、唐子颖等等，我以后会对他进行一次专访，让大家更深入的了解他。</p>
<h3>学制</h3>
<p>UMass风景园林系研究生院的学制为3年制和2年制，3年制专门为本科非风景园林专业出身的人准备，2年制则要求学生有风景园林本科学位。3年制的同学Studio课程为必修，而2年制的同学则全部课程为选修。系里国际学生所占比例相对较小，以美国学生为主。2年制的一个年级12人左右，一般是由3年制第2年的8~9个学生+2年制第1年的4~5个学生构成。往年每届有1~2个中国学生，我这一年扩招到4个。每学年分为春季学期(Spring Semester)和秋季学期(Fall Semester)，对于2年制的同学而言，每学期学分为至少12分，总共修够48学分才可以毕业，每门课程的学分都是3分，只有少数课程为2分。课程一般分为以下几类：</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Studio</strong> – 每学期有2门，分属上下半个学期，各占7周。以各种项目作为课程学习的主题，以desk critic的方式推进，每个 Studio都主要由1~2个老师来带，过程中会有lecture，会有reading，当然最重要的是最后的presentation，大家要在评委和同学的面前讲述自己的设计，这也是对作品最终评估的一个最重要的部分。</li>
<li><strong>Lecture</strong> – 也就是上课，和国内的教学方式一样，以平时作业、抽查考试、出勤率以及最后的大作业作为最终评估的标准。</li>
<li><strong>Seminar</strong> – 研讨课，一般为上课大家和老师讨论，下课有很多Reading的课程，这类课程以理论研究为主，最终成果一般为论文。</li>
<li><strong>Lab</strong> – 指各种室外学习和实验室学习的课程。</li>
<li><strong>Independent Study</strong> – 独立学习课程，如果学生对某老师的研究方向感兴趣，可以主动联系此老师进行独立学习，学习内容一般以Reading为主，最终评估也由师生双方协商决定。</li>
<li><strong>Practicum</strong> – 实践类课程，这类课程要跟导师到比较远的地方调查研究，有时候会去别的州，有时候会去国外，一般以论文作为最终成果。</li>
</ol>
<h3>设计结合模型</h3>
<p>Umass的设计课程不论本科还是研究生，都注重制作最为传统的手工模型，用各种真实的材料表达风景园林的各种要素，比如用纸板表达地形、用树的枝杈表达植物、用碾碎的香料和树叶表达草坪等等。我这学期选择的Residential Garden Design Studio就是以一个1：1/4（1 inch=1/4 foot）的巨大模型作为最终成果。做模型的最大好处就是可以全面的考虑如何布置空间，因为设计者可以从任何角度去观察模型，在处理细节的时候又可以兼顾总体。此外，手工模型也最接近项目实际效果，在摒除了各种酷炫的渲染软件带来的虚幻的效果图后，我们能看到自己设计出的最真实的东西到底是什么样子。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1072" title="junior-studio-model" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/junior-studio-model.jpg" alt="junior-studio-model" width="612" height="480" /></p>
<h3>同学</h3>
<p>来美之前以为美国的学生会比较懒，但实际却大相径庭，很多美国同学是很勤奋的！而且他们喜爱学习，我同班有2位40多岁的美国人，都已有家室，而且从事其他行业多年，但因为喜欢风景园林所以来UMass学习，他们每天都早出晚归，回家还要照顾孩子，让人十分钦佩。美国的同学还十分喜欢开玩笑，非常容易相处，每次presentation结束他们都会用最华丽的形容词把别人的作品从头到脚夸个遍。</p>
<h3><img class="size-full wp-image-1073 alignright" title="studio-presentation" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/studio-presentation.jpg" alt="studio-presentation" width="360" height="270" />汇报</h3>
<p>Presentation在Studio最后一周举办，这一周其他课程会停课，以便老师和学生集中几天的时间为汇报做准备，一般这几天都是不眠之夜，有点在国内赶图的意思，此外大家还要为评委和来参观的其他同学准备点心和饮品。</p>
<p>Presentation通常在系里最大的教室Procopio Room举行，每个Studio有半天时间集中汇报，美国同学对汇报的形式非常重视，大家都是西装革履的上阵，遣词造句也是文质彬彬。评委们不仅包括老师，有时还有客户和受邀而来的知名行内人士。汇报结束后大家都是精疲力竭，第一件事都是回家休息，大睡一觉。</p>
<h3>小结</h3>
<p>写这篇文章是希望跟大家分享我所见到的新鲜事物，并不是为了鼓吹美国教育有多么好。事实上，很多方面这里并不如北林，比如硬件。希望大家不要有围城的心态，在哪里都是要靠自己学习，踏踏实实、勤勤恳恳才能学有所成。</p>
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		<title>访国际风景园林规划大师，绿道倡导者Julius Gy.Fábos教授</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2009/11/interview-with-professor-julius-gy-fabos/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2009/11/interview-with-professor-julius-gy-fabos/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 16:38:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>周啸</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[访谈]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greenway]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Julius Fabos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[绿道]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.youthla.org/?p=839</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[笔者按：与Fábos教授的第一次会面是在系馆的办公室，我如何都不能将他壮硕的体格和炯炯有神的目光与近80岁的高龄挂钩。虽然已经退休，Fábos教授还是在每周四参加系里惯例的教员会议，而且不断的努力推进绿道(Greenway)的推广，11月中寻他就将飞往他的故乡匈牙利，去准备明年在那里举办的绿道规划国际会议。虽然这次谈话只有十几分钟，但他的乐观、开朗和可爱的固执都给我留下了深刻的印象，我们相约几日后再见，于是便有了这篇访谈。 <table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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</table>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>笔者按：与Fábos教授的第一次会面是在系馆的办公室，我如何都不能将他壮硕的体格和炯炯有神的目光与近80岁的高龄挂钩。虽然已经退休，Fábos教授还是在每周四参加系里惯例的教员会议，而且不断的努力推进绿道(Greenway)的推广，11月中寻他就将飞往他的故乡匈牙利，去准备明年在那里举办的绿道规划国际会议(Fábos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning)。虽然这次谈话只有十几分钟，但他的乐观、开朗和可爱的固执都给我留下了深刻的印象，我们相约几日后再见，于是便有了这篇访谈。</p></blockquote>
<p>朱利叶斯·法布士(Julius Fábos)，国际著名的风景园林师、教育家，现为美国马萨诸塞大学风景园林与区域规划系(University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning)荣誉教授，美国风景园林师协会(ASLA)常务理事，美国风景园林协会1997年金质奖章获得者(ASLA Medal)，美国国家级风景园林大师，亦是著名的“绿道”(Greenway)的倡导者，美国“绿道”论坛主任。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-843" title="Julius Fabos" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/julius-fabos.jpg" alt="Julius Fabos" width="612" height="459" /></p>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">采访对象：Julius Gy. Fábos(以下简称Fábos)<br />
采访者：周啸(以下简称周)<br />
采访时间：2009-11-5</span></p>
<p><strong>周：跟据相关材料，绿道中的“绿”(green)来自绿带(green belt<sup>1</sup>),而“道”(way)来自公园道(parkway<sup>2</sup>)，请问绿道与两者的关系？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Fábos:</strong> “绿”并不完全是从绿带而来，两者之间有比较显著的差别。绿带是一种更加人工化的概念，它是指城市中呈带状相连的需要保护的绿色开放空间。而绿道则是更加自然的过程，而非人工化的概念。绝大多数绿道经过诸如绿色区域、河流和溪流等水体自然流经的地段。它从土地延伸至河流，最后到达海洋。绿道通常包括一个你不能进入的自然的廊道，一旦闯入你可能受伤、可能浑身湿透。绿道包括至少三种用途，一是游憩；另一个是自然保护，保护自然的廊道使野生动物可以通过；第三种是文化保护，因为沿河会有很多历史的和文化的活动出现，它们是具有保护价值的。这些就是绿道主要的功能。公园道的概念始于90年代，它是一种连接城市区域的系统。有的公园道可以成为绿道，但其大多数是交通系统，所以公园道比绿道更加人工化，更接近绿带。</p>
<p><img class="alignright size-full wp-image-848" title="Greenway System" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/greenway-system.gif" alt="Greenway System" width="360" height="300" /></p>
<p><strong>周：请讲讲您为何会开创绿道?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Fábos: </strong>我并没有创造出绿道，我加入了创立它的组织。绿道的概念不是由我首创，下面讲讲其历史。我是一个风景园林规划师和设计师，但我首先是规划师。风景园林规划与风景园林设计不同，规划是一个让土地能够合理使用的过程。过去我们想要推广风景园林规划的时候，我们发现这很难，因为绝大多数人并不了解它。绿道规划在当时是一项社会活动，我加入了这项活动并进行风景园林规划，当时是1985年。后来为了配合这项活动，都市区域风景研究小组(MENTLAND)成立了，我便加入了它。</p>
<p>现在世界各地有很多绿道规划的项目，而且我们每三年都举办一次绿道规划国际会议(Fábos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning<sup>3</sup>)。在美国，绿道已经成为一件颇有影响力并能带来机遇的事物。“从铁路到散步道管理局(rails to trails conservancy<sup>4</sup>)”就是一个好例子，它在美国很有影响力。美国有许多铁路，大多数都已经被遗弃了，当太多铁路被遗弃的时候，重新利用它们就成为一种需求。这时铁路可以转化为散步道。美国目前有大约二十五万英里(约合四十万千米)的废弃铁路，其中许多正在转变为绿道. “从铁路到散步道管理局”是一个推进此项运动的机构，在过去的10年间，它每年都使上千英里的铁路转化为绿道。要知道我们还有数不清的河流和溪流，可能还有数百万英里的自然廊道，所以绿道还有很巨大的发展空间。</p>
<p><strong>周：中国的风景园林设计师更多的关注设计，而非规划，在您看来规划和设计有怎样的联系呢？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Fábos: </strong>风景园林规划在整个过程的最开始非常重要，所有事情都始于规划，它是一个过程，这个过程告诉你做什么、在哪做以及为什么这样做，而设计是展现如何做。假如你在一个不合适的地点进行设计，那你不可能成功。就好比找女朋友，她应该是个客气的、能一起过日子的人，不然你们最终只有离婚。所以说选择合理的土地利用方式是最重要的，我之所以选择做一名规划师是因为我希望能做最合适的事情。设计在规划之后，假如你第一步的选择是对的，那么其他事就好办了。你不可能先设计再规划，设计是一种创造形状的魔法，我总是将设计师说成是形式设计师。设计什么形式并不重要，圆形也好、十字形也好、其他也好，能怎样呢？这个设计在此合适吗？如果你做了错误的决策，什么设计都不管用，所以规划更加重要，不是设计。</p>
<p><strong>周：中国目前面临城市环境差、绿色开放空间少、河流严重污染等问题，在这种情况下如何开展绿道规划呢？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Fábos: </strong>在美国，我们开始于清理河流。</p>
<p>不知你是否了解约翰逊(Johnson)总统吗，肯尼迪(Kennedy)总统遇刺后便是约翰逊总统，他可能是推进绿道运动最重要的政治家。他声明希望在自己有生之年能在波特米克河(Potomic River)游泳。为什么呢？波特米克河在当时污染十分严重，以至于人们不能在其中游泳。他这样说的意思就是要指出，我们必须清理这条河流。这是一个很重要的关于环境的决策和目标，尽管这个目标从未完全实现，但它指明了方向。约翰逊总统对于我们是一位很重要的政治家，他的妻子也是环保主义者。这就是你们需要做的幕后工作，政治家是政策决定者，风景园林设计师和规划师不是，只有合适的决策定下来你们才能走下去，这就是为什么你们要加入权力圈子，没有他们，你们什么都不能做。</p>
<p>就像我之前提到的，绿道不同于绿带，河流对于绿道更加重要，有河流就有湿地，湿地沿河而生，它们不适于建设，但它们却是绿道发展的机遇。对于绿色开放空间，如果你能像绿道规划理论建议的那样尊重自然法则，绿道自然会提供给你。这很简单，如果土地不适于建设，就将它保留为绿地。</p>
<p><strong>周：请介绍一些您重要的作品。</strong></p>
<p><strong>Fábos: </strong>我人生中第一个规划项目是为马萨诸塞州(Massachusetts)的楠塔基特岛(Nantucket Island)进行全岛的规划。岛上大约四分之三的土地都被永久的保护起来，不能进行建设。那是一个成功的项目。</p>
<p>第二个项目是北大西洋区域研究(North Atlantic Regional Study)。它包含了美国13个州，6个来自新英格兰地区，7个为其他地区。它从缅因州(Maine)开始经过波士顿(Boston)到达鳕鱼角(Cape Cod)。有21条主要的河流经过这个区域流入太平洋，我们将每一条都进行了研究。这是我所做过的最大的项目，我们花了很多年在这上面，现在还在研究。从这个项目开始风景园林师在规划方面有了重要的影响。现在你应该能看出风景园林规划与设计在尺度上的不同，设计关注小事物，而大的方面则是规划来管，也就是我研究的方向。</p>
<p>目前我在为即将在匈牙利举办的国际绿道规划会议写演讲稿。欢迎你们参加。</p>
<p>注：<br />
1.绿带(green belt)：指临近城区的未发展区域，通常由规划法律保护而不能进行开发建设。(来自维基百科)<br />
2.公园道(parkway): 指大街或通道之间和两边的一系列风景化的土地。(来自维基百科)<br />
3.会议网站：<a href="http://fabos.uni-corvinus.hu/" target="_blank">http://fabos.uni-corvinus.hu/</a><br />
4.rails to trails conservancy官方网站：<a href="http://www.railstotrails.org/aboutUs/index.html" target="_blank">http://www.railstotrails.org/aboutUs/index.html</a></p>
<hr />
<h2>Interview with Professor Julius Gy. Fábos</h2>
<blockquote><p>Prof. Julius Fábos is an internationally well-known landscape architect and educator, he is an honorary professor at the Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Prof. Julius Fábos is the author and editor of more than 120 articles and research bulletins, as well as five books. Through this interview, Mr. Fábos inspired me with his optimism, vision and humor.</p></blockquote>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">ZX=ZHOU Xiao<br />
Fábos=Julius Gy. Fábos</span></p>
<p><strong>ZX: The term greenway comes from the &#8220;green&#8221; in green belt and the &#8220;way&#8221; in parkway, what is the relationship between your greenway and the other two?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Fábos: </strong>The “green” is not exactly from green belt.  There is a major difference between greenway and green belt.  Green belt is a more artificial idea.  It means if you have a city, you should have some green spaces along the belt for protection.  The greenway is a more natural process.  It is made by nature not by artificial methods.  The major greenways are along green areas, along rivers and streams where the water naturally moves.  It moves from the land to the river and to the ocean.  The greenways usually have a corridor where you should not be there because it&#8217;s a natural area.  If you get there, you get wet, or get hurt.  Also, the greenway contains at least three kinds of uses.  One is recreation.  Another is nature protection, to protect the corridors where wild life moves along.  The third is culture benefits, because along the rivers there are a lot of historical and cultural activities, they are worth to be protected.  These are the three major aspects.</p>
<p>Parkway idea started in the 19th century as a green system to connect cities and urban areas.  Parkways can be greenway but most of them are not.  Most of them are transportation roads, so parkways are more artificial than greenways. It is more similar to green belt than greenway.</p>
<p><strong>ZX: When and why did you get the idea of greenway planning? What’s your inspiration?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Fábos: </strong>I didn&#8217;t get the idea, I joined the group.  The idea didn&#8217;t come from me.  Let me tell you the history of it.  I am a landscape planner first and I am a landscape architect and landscape planner.  Landscape planning is defined from landscape design.  It is a planning process which access land for appropriate uses. When we wanted to sell landscape plan, it was very difficult because most people don&#8217;t know about it. Greenway was a movement at that time, I joined that movement and did landscape planning and greenway.  It was in 1985.  Since they establish a group (METLAND) to corporate the movement, I joined them.</p>
<p>There are a lot projects located internationally nowadays and we have greenway conference every three years.  In America, greenway has become a big issue as well as a big opportunity.  The rails to trails conservancy is a good example, it is a big issue in America now.  There are a lot of railroads in America, most of them are abandoned.  The rails can become trails.  When there are too many abandoned rails, new use of them are needed. I&#8217;ve a number for you, in American, there are about 250,000 miles have been abandoned and many of them are being turning into greenways.  The rails to trails conservancy advocate it.  In the last 10 years, they did as much as thousands of miles per year.  The opportunities are fantastic, if you see how many rivers and streams we have.  There are probably millions of miles of these natural corridors so we have huge opportunities.</p>
<p><strong>ZX: Landscape Architects in China focus more on Landscape Design.  People know much less about landscape planning, what is your opinion about the relationship between planning and design?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Fábos:</strong> Landscape planning is more important at the beginning.  Everything starts at planning, it is a process that defines what to do, where and why and how design is to show.  If you design in an inappropriate place, then you will not be successful.  At first, you have to decide to do the right thing.  Just like when you look for a woman, you want her to be a complimentary person who can live with you, otherwise you will divorce.  So the site selection is the most important thing, selecting the appropriate use.  The landscape planning is to do that.  I chose to be a planner because I want to do the most appropriate things.  Design is after panning, if your first decision is right, the others will be simple. Both of planning and design are important, however, you cannot design first and plan last. Design is a magic, to create forms and shapes. I often refer designers as shape designers. The meanings of design are more basic before what is the proper use of the land, that is a more important decision. What shape has been done makes no difference, circles are good, crosses are good, others are good, so what?  Is the design appropriate or not?  If you make a wrong decision, they will not work.  So planning is a more important decision, not design.</p>
<p><strong>ZX: Poor urban environment, low rate of urban green spaces and heavy river pollution are some of the serious problems in China.  Under such conditions, do you have some suggestions about how to start the greenway planning?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Fábos: </strong>In America, they started virtually by cleaning the rivers.  Have you heard about President Johnson ?  After President Kennedy was killed, the next President was Johnson.  He was probably the most important politician helping the greenway movement.  He declared that in his life time he would like to swim in the Potomic River.  Why?  The river was so polluted that you couldn&#8217;t swim in it.  By saying “In my life time, I want to swim in the Potomic River”, he meant we had to clean up the river.  This was a major environment decision, an aim and a goal.  This could never be fully achieved but it was a direction.  He was a very important politician for us and his wife was also an environmentalist.  These are some of the background what you have to do.  Politicians are decision makers, landscape architects and planners are not decision makers.  You can do only if the proper decision is made.  That’s why you have to join forces with the power beings.  Without them, you cannot do.</p>
<p>As I said, instead of greenbelt, the rivers are more important in greenway system.  If you have a river, there are also wet lands.  Wet lands are along rivers, those are bad for development while they are opportunities for greenways.  For the green open spaces, if you respect the nature, as the greenway planning suggest, then they are given to you.  It&#8217;s very simple, if the lands are not appropriate for development, keep it green.</p>
<p><strong>ZX: Can you please introduce some of your important works?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Fábos: </strong>My first landscape planning work in my life is for the whole island of Nantucket in Massachusetts.  About three forth of the island has been permanently protected from development.  It was a big success.</p>
<p>The second work is the North Atlantic Regional Study.  It contains 13 states, 6 states in New England and 7 from others.  It is the whole north east coast that starts from Maine to Boston, then Cape Cod.  There are 21 major rivers coming down to the ocean, we have studied each of them. That was the biggest work I have ever done.  We worked for years on this project.  This was where landscape architects had a major influence on planning.  And we are still doing it.  You can see the difference in scale between planning and design, design focus on minor issues like what shape I would give, where the sitting area is.  The major issues are planning issues.  That&#8217;s my direction.</p>
<p>I&#8217;m just writing a presentation form the greenway conference in Hungray for several weeks.  Welcome to join the conference.</p>
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