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	<title>风景园林新青年 YouthLA</title>
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	<description>风景园林新青年，是一个负有使命感的非营利性网站，它致力于树立设计师的社会责任感，为青年设计师和风景园林学子提供学习、交流的平台。该网站由一批具有风景园林背景的青年设计师自发创办，秉着客观公正、认真负责的态度推动该事业的前进。</description>
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		<title>新青年与手绘表达18</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2012/04/youthla-and-hand-drawing-18/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2012/04/youthla-and-hand-drawing-18/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 25 Apr 2012 21:33:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>风景园林新青年</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[视角]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[手绘]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[视频]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.youthla.org/?p=6300</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[风景园林新青年特邀请北京林业大学教师，清华大学博士王劲韬老师，为专业学子和从业者做出手绘表达的展示和教学。
“新青年与手绘表达”的活动将继续进展下去，王劲韬老师也会继续为同学们进行手绘表达的教学和演示。 <table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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        <td colspan="5"><b><font size="-1"  style="display: block !important; padding: 20px 0 5px !important;">随机文章</font></b></td>
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                    <a target="_blank" title="新青年与手绘表达17" style="text-decoration: none !important; cursor: pointer !important;" href="http://app.wumii.com/ext/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-17%2F&from=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-18%2F">
                        <img style="margin: 0 !important; padding: 2px !important; border: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important; width: 110px !important; height: 110px !important;" src="http://static.wumii.com/site_images/2012/04/06/18921752.jpg" width="110px" height="110px" /><br />
                        <font size="-1" color="#1F50B6" style="display: block !important; line-height: 15px !important; width: 116px !important; font: 12px/15px arial !important; height: 60px !important; margin: 3px 0 0 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; overflow: hidden !important;">新青年与手绘表达17</font>
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                <td width="116" valign="top" style="padding: 5px !important; margin: 0 !important; border-left: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important;">
                    <a target="_blank" title="新青年与手绘表达15" style="text-decoration: none !important; cursor: pointer !important;" href="http://app.wumii.com/ext/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2011%2F12%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-15%2F&from=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-18%2F">
                        <img style="margin: 0 !important; padding: 2px !important; border: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important; width: 110px !important; height: 110px !important;" src="http://static.wumii.com/site_images/2011/12/07/12024307.jpg" width="110px" height="110px" /><br />
                        <font size="-1" color="#1F50B6" style="display: block !important; line-height: 15px !important; width: 116px !important; font: 12px/15px arial !important; height: 60px !important; margin: 3px 0 0 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; overflow: hidden !important;">新青年与手绘表达15</font>
                    </a>
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                <td width="116" valign="top" style="padding: 5px !important; margin: 0 !important; border-left: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important;">
                    <a target="_blank" title="新青年与手绘表达之一" style="text-decoration: none !important; cursor: pointer !important;" href="http://app.wumii.com/ext/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2011%2F03%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-01%2F&from=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-18%2F">
                        <img style="margin: 0 !important; padding: 2px !important; border: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important; width: 110px !important; height: 110px !important;" src="http://static.wumii.com/site_images/2011/03/24/4156643.jpg" width="110px" height="110px" /><br />
                        <font size="-1" color="#1F50B6" style="display: block !important; line-height: 15px !important; width: 116px !important; font: 12px/15px arial !important; height: 60px !important; margin: 3px 0 0 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; overflow: hidden !important;">新青年与手绘表达之一</font>
                    </a>
                </td>
                <td width="116" valign="top" style="padding: 5px !important; margin: 0 !important; border-left: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important;">
                    <a target="_blank" title="新青年与手绘表达之五" style="text-decoration: none !important; cursor: pointer !important;" href="http://app.wumii.com/ext/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2011%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-05%2F&from=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-18%2F">
                        <img style="margin: 0 !important; padding: 2px !important; border: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important; width: 110px !important; height: 110px !important;" src="http://static.wumii.com/site_images/2011/04/08/5231668.jpg" width="110px" height="110px" /><br />
                        <font size="-1" color="#1F50B6" style="display: block !important; line-height: 15px !important; width: 116px !important; font: 12px/15px arial !important; height: 60px !important; margin: 3px 0 0 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; overflow: hidden !important;">新青年与手绘表达之五</font>
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                <td width="116" valign="top" style="padding: 5px !important; margin: 0 !important; border-left: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important;">
                    <a target="_blank" title="新青年与手绘表达之七" style="text-decoration: none !important; cursor: pointer !important;" href="http://app.wumii.com/ext/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2011%2F05%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-07%2F&from=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-18%2F">
                        <img style="margin: 0 !important; padding: 2px !important; border: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important; width: 110px !important; height: 110px !important;" src="http://static.wumii.com/site_images/2011/05/09/8058153.jpg" width="110px" height="110px" /><br />
                        <font size="-1" color="#1F50B6" style="display: block !important; line-height: 15px !important; width: 116px !important; font: 12px/15px arial !important; height: 60px !important; margin: 3px 0 0 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; overflow: hidden !important;">新青年与手绘表达之七</font>
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</table>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>风景园林新青年特邀请北京林业大学教师，清华大学博士王劲韬老师，为专业学子和从业者做出手绘表达的展示和教学。</p>
<p>“新青年与手绘表达”的活动将继续进展下去，王劲韬老师也会继续为同学们进行手绘表达的教学和演示。</p>
<p>如果你有自己的练习作品，如果你希望自己的作品能够有机会获得专业的点评，请将你的作品发送至：activity@youthla.org</p>
<h4>视频</h4>
<p><object width="672" height="450" classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"><param name="src" value="http://player.youku.com/player.php/sid/XMzg3MjYzMjcy/v.swf" /><param name="quality" value="high" /><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="sameDomain" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><embed width="672" height="450" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://player.youku.com/player.php/sid/XMzg3MjYzMjcy/v.swf" quality="high" allowscriptaccess="sameDomain" allowfullscreen="true" /></object></p>
<div id="attachment_6302" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6302" title="youthla-and-hand-drawing-18-1" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/youthla-and-hand-drawing-18-1.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="349" /><p class="wp-caption-text">最终效果</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6303" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6303" title="youthla-and-hand-drawing-18-2" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/youthla-and-hand-drawing-18-2.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="181" /><p class="wp-caption-text">最终效果</p></div>
<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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        <td colspan="5"><b><font size="-1"  style="display: block !important; padding: 20px 0 5px !important;">随机文章</font></b></td>
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                    <a target="_blank" title="新青年与手绘表达17" style="text-decoration: none !important; cursor: pointer !important;" href="http://app.wumii.com/ext/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-17%2F&from=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-18%2F">
                        <img style="margin: 0 !important; padding: 2px !important; border: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important; width: 110px !important; height: 110px !important;" src="http://static.wumii.com/site_images/2012/04/06/18921752.jpg" width="110px" height="110px" /><br />
                        <font size="-1" color="#1F50B6" style="display: block !important; line-height: 15px !important; width: 116px !important; font: 12px/15px arial !important; height: 60px !important; margin: 3px 0 0 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; overflow: hidden !important;">新青年与手绘表达17</font>
                    </a>
                </td>
                <td width="116" valign="top" style="padding: 5px !important; margin: 0 !important; border-left: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important;">
                    <a target="_blank" title="新青年与手绘表达15" style="text-decoration: none !important; cursor: pointer !important;" href="http://app.wumii.com/ext/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2011%2F12%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-15%2F&from=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-18%2F">
                        <img style="margin: 0 !important; padding: 2px !important; border: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important; width: 110px !important; height: 110px !important;" src="http://static.wumii.com/site_images/2011/12/07/12024307.jpg" width="110px" height="110px" /><br />
                        <font size="-1" color="#1F50B6" style="display: block !important; line-height: 15px !important; width: 116px !important; font: 12px/15px arial !important; height: 60px !important; margin: 3px 0 0 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; overflow: hidden !important;">新青年与手绘表达15</font>
                    </a>
                </td>
                <td width="116" valign="top" style="padding: 5px !important; margin: 0 !important; border-left: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important;">
                    <a target="_blank" title="新青年与手绘表达之一" style="text-decoration: none !important; cursor: pointer !important;" href="http://app.wumii.com/ext/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2011%2F03%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-01%2F&from=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-18%2F">
                        <img style="margin: 0 !important; padding: 2px !important; border: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important; width: 110px !important; height: 110px !important;" src="http://static.wumii.com/site_images/2011/03/24/4156643.jpg" width="110px" height="110px" /><br />
                        <font size="-1" color="#1F50B6" style="display: block !important; line-height: 15px !important; width: 116px !important; font: 12px/15px arial !important; height: 60px !important; margin: 3px 0 0 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; overflow: hidden !important;">新青年与手绘表达之一</font>
                    </a>
                </td>
                <td width="116" valign="top" style="padding: 5px !important; margin: 0 !important; border-left: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important;">
                    <a target="_blank" title="新青年与手绘表达之五" style="text-decoration: none !important; cursor: pointer !important;" href="http://app.wumii.com/ext/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2011%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-05%2F&from=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-18%2F">
                        <img style="margin: 0 !important; padding: 2px !important; border: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important; width: 110px !important; height: 110px !important;" src="http://static.wumii.com/site_images/2011/04/08/5231668.jpg" width="110px" height="110px" /><br />
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]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>9</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>可持续的软性特征与坚持不懈的城市景观</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 15 Apr 2012 19:59:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>胡一可</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[视角]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[可持续]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[城市景观]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[玛莎·施瓦茨]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.youthla.org/?p=6200</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[可持续性是风景园林行业的热门话题，美国风景园林设计师玛莎·施瓦茨女士对这个话题有着自己独特的见解。本文详细的阐述了她本人的观点，并对她的著名设计作品进行了简单介绍。 <table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>可持续性是风景园林行业的热门话题，美国风景园林设计师玛莎·施瓦茨女士对这个话题有着自己独特的见解。本文详细的阐述了她本人的观点，并对她的著名设计作品进行了简单介绍。</p></blockquote>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">By Martha Schwartz</span><br />
<span style="color: #888888;">March 2012<br />
整理：胡一可、栾天浩</span></p>
<p><span style="color: #888888;"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-6290" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-57" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-57.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="379" /><br />
</span></p>
<p>当代对可持续发展议题的讨论大部分都集中于绿色建筑，规划师和建筑师及城市领导很少关注城市景观起到的作用。如果要营造可持续而健康的都市环境，就必须考虑到建筑之间的城市景观。<br />
<span style="color: #888888;">In our sustainability discussions, most of the focus has been on green buildings. Planners, architects and city leaders have often been slow to recognize the important role that the broader urban landscape plays in making cities successful. The spaces between the buildings that constitute the urban landscape need to be considered if we are to create sustainable and healthy cities.</span></p>
<p>这种观点是一种新兴的认知范式，将我们的景观环境本身作为一种基础设施来理解，并认为它们对城市的运行和人居环境有着非常重要的作用。目前，城市巨型化，全球范围的城市化，人口接近70亿……城市的融合、增长和再生都使得城市景观变为一种很有价值的商品。城市景观现已成为一种高端功能和活动聚集的领域——我们都知道它的重要性，发展的同时需要保护环境并减少碳排量，这在世界范围内都是最终要的议题。<br />
<span style="color: #888888;">The awareness of our urban landscape as a built piece of infrastructure, crucial to a city&#8217;s performance and liveability, is a very new paradigm. New mega-cities, a vast global trend towards urbanization and a world population of 7 billion, plus a surge of cities that are growing and regenerating, makes the urban landscape a much more valuable commodity in a city. The urban landscape is now a territory of high function and performance一we all know how important it is that we develop so to better protect our natural environment and offset carbon emission- this is the number one issue that we all share globally.</span></p>
<p>城市景观也会在经济方面起作用。景观可以成为城市或项目的名片而使它更具竞争力。当我们的城市变得更加全球化和均质化的时候，就越发的需要创造一种新的、明显的可识别性来将周边的街区和城市区别开来，依此来制造场所感，确立身份认同感。差异和独特性赋予了城市竞争力，这对新建的和改造的城市区域都非常重要。<br />
<span style="color: #888888;">But the urban landscape also functions as an economic differentiator. A landscape can brand a city or development so to create a competitive edge. As we globalize and become more homogenous, there is an increasing need to create a new or enhanced identity that differentiates neighborhoods or cities, to create a &#8220;there, there&#8221;, and establish an identity. Distinctiveness and uniqueness may give a city a competitive edge, something of crucial importance to new and regenerating cities.</span></p>
<h3>城市景观和经济<br />
The Urban Landscape and the Economy</h3>
<p>富有经验的市长现在把受过良好教育的人作为一种资本和资源。缺乏受过良好教育的大众的城市，经济便不会兴旺，也会缺乏竞争力。<br />
<span style="color: #888888;">Sophisticated mayors now consider well-educated people as &#8220;capital&#8221; and &#8220;resource&#8221;. Without an educated population, the economies of these cities cannot compete and thrive.</span></p>
<p>城市的美化、绿地空间和街道空间的可达性现在也是吸引高知高技工人居住和工作的必要条件。因此，公共场所的绿地是在全球化市场竞争中吸引人才的一个重要工具。市长们希望他们的城市能提供多样的，可选择的环境，这正是来此发展的人所追求的。当选择性作为可持续发展的概念之一时，人们必然会选择那些吸引人的城市而放弃那些无趣的城市。<br />
<span style="color: #888888;">The beautification of a city and the accessibility to green spaces and tree-lined streets are used to entice knowledge-based workers to come to live and work in that city. Thus, the public realm landscape is one of the primary tools for attracting people to cities so they can compete in a global marketplace. Mayors want their cities to be a city of choice, as the people they wish to attract have a choice. As choice is now an operative concept in sustainability, it is a given that people will choose attractive cities over unattractive cities.</span></p>
<p>城市景观与其说是一个环境概念，不如说是一个社会和文化的平台，多数的环境平台仅仅以保护为目的，通过法律法规的控制条文实现。景观的社会和文化功能则应当被理解为一种在城市尺度上实现可持续发展的重要组成部分，而这个部分正是我所说的“可持续的软性层面”。<br />
<span style="color: #888888;">But the urban landscapes is most operative as a social and cultural platform, even more so than an environmental one, as most of the environmental systems are provided for and protected through planning laws and code regulations. The social and cultural functioning of the landscape must be recognized as part of what creates sustainability at a city scale- these are the components of what I call the &#8220;Softer Side of Sustainability.&#8221;</span></p>
<p>这也许在认识上是一种根本性革新，但如果我们要把城市建设成为健康而令人期待的居住环境，就必须以一种有意义的方式来积极地处理环境问题，使之在空间上更加临近并融入我们的居住环境，减少不必要的基础设施和化石燃料消耗。<br />
<span style="color: #888888;">This is perhaps, a radical stance to take, but if we make cities healthy and desirable places to live in, then we will help in a meaningful way to positively deal with environmental issues through more efficiencies through proximity and cutting downs the need for redundant infrastructure and fossil fuels.</span></p>
<h3>城市景观在社会及文化生活方面都起到了重要的作用。<br />
The urban landscape plays a huge role in both the social and cultural life of cities.</h3>
<p>从旧的文化中产生新文化能力，这一点源自人口和世界经济重心的变化，这些变化总是在城市中发生。而公共领域的景观环境则为这些转变提供了场所。即便是在郊区或某人的起居室中也可以实现人群的聚集。<br />
<span style="color: #888888;">The ability for new cultures to evolve from older ones as a result of shifting demographics and world economies are done in the cities which are typically their first port of call. The public realm landscape is the &#8220;pot&#8221; in which the melting happens. The acculturation of a population cannot be done in the suburbs or in one&#8217;s living room.</span></p>
<p>公共领域的景观在城市中提供“文化生活论坛”的作用现在变得非常重要。为吸引城市居民，城市中的文化和环境健康问题现在己经成为市长桌面上的首要议题。一个城市的文化产物会产生巨大的吸引力，其自身也是一个新兴产业。那些曾经在博物馆和剧院中才有的活动现在发生在街道和公共空间中，在这里人们可以欣赏街头表演、音乐会、装置艺术及舞蹈。公共空间里的景观已经成为文化事件发生的新舞台。它的开放性和共享性反应出城市本身的活力，世界上每个角落的人都可以参与其中。<br />
<span style="color: #888888;">The ability for the public realm landscape of a city to provide the forum for the cultural life of a city is now of utmost importance, as the cultural and environmental health of cities is at the top of a mayor&#8217;s &#8220;to do&#8221; list to attract and keep people. The cultural offer of a city is a huge attractor and is itself, a new industry. Activities that were once found only inside museums and theatres are now in the streets and spaces of cities, where one can enjoy street performance, concerts, art installation, and dance. The public realm landscape is the new stage for cultural events. This openness and generosity reflects a lively and open city where people from all parts of the globe can participate and integrate.</span></p>
<h3>设计和可持续的城市<br />
Design and sustainable cities</h3>
<p>最后，让我们谈谈设计及它在可持续发展中的作用。物理形式或设计经常决定了城市景观的寿命。设计所采用的形式和材料可以在很大程度上决定城市环境的成败。成功的设计将建立人和场所间的联系，赋予场所性格、记忆、身份感、方向感和个性。<br />
<span style="color: #888888;">Lastly, let&#8217;s talk about Design and its role in sustainability. The physical form, or design, will often determine the longevity of an urban landscape. The actual form and physical content of the design can largely determine the success of urban environments. If successful, the design will enable people to make an emotional connection to a place by imbuing it with character, memory, identity, orientation and individuality.</span></p>
<p>仅凭 “聪明的”科技和可操作的生态系统便可以获得可持续性是一种虚幻的观点。人也是自然界的一部分（也是自然等式中的一个变量）。如果人不在智力和情感上投入，任何东西都不能长久存在。如果不是按照人的精神、心理和情感需要来设计的话，所有的“聪明的”科技，建造一个项目或社区所需的材料和能量都会是一种浪费。它不会满足人们的需要，其寿命也很有限，好的设计可以弥补这一不足。<br />
<span style="color: #888888;">It is a false belief that one can achieve sustainability based only on &#8220;smart&#8221; technologies and functioning ecosystems. People are part of the environmental equation. Nothing can sustain itself over time if people are not invested in it either intellectually or emotionally. All the smart technologies, appropriate materials and energy used to build a project or community will be wasted simply because it was not designed to the spiritual, psychological and emotional needs of people. It simply will not have appeal and therefore has a limited shelf-life. Good and great design can help to achieve this.</span></p>
<p>城市是复杂的运动体的组合，虽然设计本身不能让城市获得成功，但城市公共空间的设计质量却非常重要，它可以使城市功能最大化。设计质量是城市最重要的潜力因素。<br />
<span style="color: #888888;">Design in itself cannot make cities successful, as cities are a very complex layering of moving parts. However, for a city to function maximally, the design quality of a city&#8217;s public realm components becomes extremely important. Design quality is crucial factor in which a city can reach its fullest potential.</span></p>
<h3>结论<br />
Conclusion</h3>
<p>很明显，全球范围的城市化趋势和资源有限的现实使得我们行业最重要的作用在于通过规划和设计提高城市密度，创造宜居而健康的城市环境。城市中的景观空间可以通过吸引聚集人口对抗全球变暖和减少自然资源消耗。然而，只有超越功能需要，激发灵感的城市景观设计才能创造出具有吸引力的场所。<br />
<span style="color: #888888;">It is clear with the global trend towards urbanization and the realization that we have limited global resources, the most important role we have professionally is to encourage densification through planning and designing liveable and healthy cities. A city&#8217;s public realm landscape can play a crucial role in helping to combat global warming and shrinking natural resources by attracting people to them. However this can only be achieved if our urban landscapes are designed to be more than merely functional: but as wonderful, inspired, attractive places to live and work for all socio-economic levels.</span></p>
<h3>案例赏析</h3>
<p>六十年代的美国大地艺术盛行，其中有很多杰出艺术家的作品对玛莎今后的创作产生了重要的影响。</p>
<div id="attachment_6264" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 409px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6264" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-54" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-54.jpg" alt="" width="399" height="484" /><p class="wp-caption-text">上图是罗伯特·史密斯所创作的名为“沥青留流下来了”的艺术作品。他关注了艺术的本质以及创作的本质。他的作品反映了沥青流下来的过程。通过这个作品，史密斯阐释了自己对地景的认识。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6202" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6202" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-55" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-55.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="473" /><p class="wp-caption-text">克里斯托弗是另一位十分著名的地景艺术家，这是他的代表作：篱笆墙。在这个作品中他表达出了景观的政治属性，因为在创作中他和当地的农民进行了长时间的交涉。地景是一个充满政治性的整体，每个个体都有权利表达自己的意见。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6265" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 409px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6265" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-56" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-56.jpg" alt="" width="399" height="653" /><p class="wp-caption-text">通过上图我们可以发现，以人的视角看去，其实映入我们眼帘的大部分还是大地和景观。现在我们都认为建筑具有标示性，但是景观其实一样可以具有标示性。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6204" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6204" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-52" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-52.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="430" /><p class="wp-caption-text">面包圈公园(Bagel Garden) 公园已经存在三十年了，但是玛莎做的艺术展示却很新，只持续了两天。这是她刚毕业的作品，作品本身是一种政治宣言，是对以前地景的一种挑战。在这个创作中玛莎运用了面包圈，一种犹太族食物作为景观元素。因为面包圈便宜、易得，并且对环境很友好。这个创作体现出一种民主精神，玛莎希望通过这个创作阐释景观是表达个体艺术想法的场所。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6261" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 409px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6261" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-00" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-00.jpg" alt="" width="399" height="618" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这是一个农场艺术作品。它的目的是与农场主进行互动交涉，可以给农场主一些指示，帮助农场主种植、收割庄稼。 当地主要是种植玉米与干草。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6205" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6205" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-53" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-53.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="447" /><p class="wp-caption-text">临时性景观：法国与日本两种风格的景观对比。这个作品向大家展示了一种基因移植的理念，他将法国园林和日本枯山水并置、叠合。这也是他第一次在城市环境中做设计。这个设计的预算紧张，并且也没有可以利用的水资源。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6267" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 410px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6267" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-50" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-50.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="521" /><p class="wp-caption-text">在上个设计之后玛莎开始陆续接到城市广场设计项目。这是一个没有什么树木的石铺地广场，在广场上用轻质的填充物做了很多地景。它象征着冰川时代冰川融化流过的痕迹。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6268" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 410px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6268" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-48" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-48.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="494" /><p class="wp-caption-text">HUD广场：重叠光影交织的圆圈 这是在停车上上部做的一个设计，它的预算依旧很低，并且由于上面无法种树，所以玛莎做了很多具有树木象征意向的景观元素使人们可以在下面活动、乘凉。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6210" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6210" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-46" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-46.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="411" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这是日本的一个住宅项目，这个项目中所有的设计师都是女性。玛莎负责的部分是周围的了场地景观以及中间的活动场所。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6213" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6213" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-47" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-47.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="301" /><p class="wp-caption-text">她的想法是做8个小的园林来呼应周围8个不同建筑师的作品。其中整个基地的侧面可以停车。而场地中间则很适合老年人以及年轻人的活动。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6211" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6211" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-44" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-44.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="440" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这是玛莎在设计中做的一个代表四季的盒子，这为人们提供了一个私密空间，在其中人们可以休憩、恋爱。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6212" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6212" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-45" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-45.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="279" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这是一些粉色的混凝土喷泉装饰柱。这其实是一个错误，本来他并不是粉色的。而这也告诉我们其实错误本身有可能带来更大的趣味性，所以作为一个优秀的设计师，我们要学会区分好的错误和真正的错误。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6214" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6214" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-42" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-42.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="420" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这是位于美国亚利桑那的梅撒艺术中心设计。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6215" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6215" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-43" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-43.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="442" /><p class="wp-caption-text">它是将街区简称艺术活动中心，而街道则是为了表演而设计。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6272" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 410px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6272" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-40" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-40.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="528" /><p class="wp-caption-text">希望这里成为一个城市中的马戏场。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6217" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6217" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-41" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-41.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="425" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这里十分缺水，所以他们对水资源的运用十分注重效率，在设计中对水的运用进行了科学的调节，力图用最少的水早就最大化的效果。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6219" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6219" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-39" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-39.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="452" /><p class="wp-caption-text">其实无论孩子还是大人都对谁充满了兴趣。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6263" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 409px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6263" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-36" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-36.jpg" alt="" width="399" height="541" /><p class="wp-caption-text">不同尺度的空间设置让不同的活动在一起发生。现在这里成为了亚利桑那州最吸引人的拍婚纱照的地方。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6225" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6225" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-31" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-31.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="462" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这是MSP在芝加哥做的一个竞赛项目，是一个长3000米的老工业码头。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6222" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6222" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-37" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-37.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="342" /><p class="wp-caption-text">在其中有很多的元素，如主题公园、、湿地公园沙滩、码头等。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6221" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6221" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-35" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-35.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="402" /><p class="wp-caption-text">在海水中玛莎做了很多木质的伸出的小码头。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6223" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6223" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-33" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-33.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="465" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这是一个新设计的游乐场，和港口相连，人们可以在这里游戏、游泳、滑板、垂钓。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6224" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6224" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-34" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-34.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="466" /><p class="wp-caption-text">多共性的场所带来了无限的可能。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6226" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6226" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-32" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-32.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="531" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这是位于伦敦大象城堡的一个社区级景观设计，这里是一个地铁站。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6227" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6227" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-29" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-29.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="379" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这是一个公交站的设计，看着周围的人们都比较贫穷。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6228" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6228" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-30" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-30.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="444" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这个设计为儿童带来了不同的感受，它改变了孩子们生活的场所。特别是给小男孩一个自我表现的空间。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6257" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6257" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-01" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-01.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="505" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这是位于曼彻斯特的交易广场。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6229" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6229" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-27" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-27.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="443" /><p class="wp-caption-text">作为工业革命的发源地，曼彻斯特这里建设了发达的铁路系统，所以设计的时候运用了很多铁路的元素。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6274" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 410px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6274" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-28" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-28.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="424" /><p class="wp-caption-text">其中布置了很多的长椅，当天气晴好的时候，这些长椅就为人们提供了停留的可能。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6232" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6232" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-26" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-26.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="443" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这里曾经有一条河流，在设计中也加入了河流的元素，这吸引了很多的孩子在这里玩耍。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6255" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6255" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-03" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-03.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="505" /><p class="wp-caption-text">都柏林的运河广场项目，项目通过广场的景观改造达到吸引人们来投资的目的。演艺建筑由里伯斯金设计。尽管这个场地是在建筑之前设计的，但是玛莎还是运用了里伯斯金建筑中的元素，因为她认为景观和建筑是一体的。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6233" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6233" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-23" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-23.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="470" /><p class="wp-caption-text">因为是一个演艺建筑，所以玛莎将红地毯的元素也引入了设计，而绿带则是一条植物带，都是当地的植物。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6275" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 410px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6275" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-24" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-24.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="802" /><p class="wp-caption-text">现在这个设计已经成为了道克兰的象征，当地人都知道“红柱子”在哪里。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6237" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6237" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-19" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-19.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="418" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这个项目周围的一切产业都发展良好，尽管在道克兰其实产业的发展前景并不好。这告诉我们景观对地区活力的提升起到了至关重要的作用。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6238" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6238" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-20" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-20.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="414" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这是在迪拜设计的一个广场，周围都是密集的街区。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6239" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6239" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-17" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-17.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="399" /><p class="wp-caption-text">玛莎的设计就像是在机器上覆盖一整块布一样。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6276" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 610px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6276" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-15" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-15.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="693" /><p class="wp-caption-text">其中线性的连接是为了使各个街区产生联系。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6240" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6240" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-18" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-18.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="364" /><p class="wp-caption-text">中间开敞的空间将是男人喜欢使用的空间，它具有明显的公众属性。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6243" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6243" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-13" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-13.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="398" /><p class="wp-caption-text">周边这些小的具有私密性的空间则是女性的最爱。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6244" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6244" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-14" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-14.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="396" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这个项目中的水源都是来自建筑，在设计中也非常关注水资源的利用。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6245" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6245" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-11" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-11.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="402" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这个项目是玛莎在中国的第一个项目-中国西安世界园艺博览会迷宫园 。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6246" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6246" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-12" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-12.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="412" /><p class="wp-caption-text">这个项目是位于西安的一个具有展览性质的公园。每个设计师都被分到了一块30米乘30米的地块。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6247" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6247" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-10" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-10.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="416" /><p class="wp-caption-text">玛莎认为西安本地寺庙等古建中拱的比例十分美，所以在这个公园的设计中运用了许多石拱门。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6248" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6248" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-08" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-08.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="459" /><p class="wp-caption-text">在设计中玛莎还大量的运用了镜子，由于墙之间不是平行的，影响被反射后就营造出一种迷宫的氛围。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6277" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 410px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6277" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-09" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-09.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="795" /><p class="wp-caption-text">在砖墙之间种植了很多当地的柳树，当柳树长高后，柳条就自然地从墙上伸出垂下，营造自然之美。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6278" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 410px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6278" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-04" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-04.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="546" /><p class="wp-caption-text">在这个“迷宫”的最后是一个玻璃房子，透过玻璃可以看见一片“树林”。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6262" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 409px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6262" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-02" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-02.jpg" alt="" width="399" height="680" /><p class="wp-caption-text">通过砖墙、石拱、镜子和柳树，玛莎在城市中营造出一个奇幻的谜院，人们自己喜怒哀乐的真实情感毫无保留地在游园过程中展现出来。单向透视镜一面反光成像，而一面可以透视对方。这样出园的人们可以悄无声息地在暗处观察游人的行为和举动。人们体验到了从城市空间道自然空间的过渡，并且在镜子的发射中体味着看与被看得乐趣。这也很好的契合了“城市与自然和谐共存”这一设计主题。 </p></div>
<p>ps.</p>
<div id="attachment_6291" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6291" title="the-softer-side-of-sustainability-59" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/the-softer-side-of-sustainability-59.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="345" /><p class="wp-caption-text">与会人员合影</p></div>
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		<title>新青年与手绘表达17</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2012/04/youthla-and-hand-drawing-17/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2012/04/youthla-and-hand-drawing-17/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 06 Apr 2012 09:45:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>风景园林新青年</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[视角]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[手绘]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[视频]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.youthla.org/?p=6189</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[风景园林新青年特邀请北京林业大学教师，清华大学博士王劲韬老师，为专业学子和从业者做出手绘表达的展示和教学。
“新青年与手绘表达”的活动将继续进展下去，王劲韬老师也会继续为同学们进行手绘表达的教学和演示。 <table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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</table>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>风景园林新青年特邀请北京林业大学教师，清华大学博士王劲韬老师，为专业学子和从业者做出手绘表达的展示和教学。</p>
<p>“新青年与手绘表达”的活动将继续进展下去，王劲韬老师也会继续为同学们进行手绘表达的教学和演示。</p>
<p>如果你有自己的练习作品，如果你希望自己的作品能够有机会获得专业的点评，请将你的作品发送至：activity@youthla.org</p>
<h4>视频</h4>
<p><object width="672" height="450" classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"><param name="src" value="http://player.youku.com/player.php/sid/XMzc3MDkwOTg4/v.swf" /><param name="quality" value="high" /><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="sameDomain" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><embed width="672" height="450" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://player.youku.com/player.php/sid/XMzc3MDkwOTg4/v.swf" quality="high" allowscriptaccess="sameDomain" allowfullscreen="true" /></object></p>
<div id="attachment_6190" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6190" title="youthla-and-hand-drawing-17-1" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/youthla-and-hand-drawing-17-1.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="408" /><p class="wp-caption-text">最终效果</p></div>
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                        <font size="-1" color="#1F50B6" style="display: block !important; line-height: 15px !important; width: 116px !important; font: 12px/15px arial !important; height: 60px !important; margin: 3px 0 0 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; overflow: hidden !important;">新青年与手绘表达12</font>
                    </a>
                </td>
                <td width="116" valign="top" style="padding: 5px !important; margin: 0 !important; border-left: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important;">
                    <a target="_blank" title="新青年与手绘表达16" style="text-decoration: none !important; cursor: pointer !important;" href="http://app.wumii.com/ext/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F02%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-16%2F&from=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-17%2F">
                        <img style="margin: 0 !important; padding: 2px !important; border: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important; width: 110px !important; height: 110px !important;" src="http://static.wumii.com/site_images/2012/02/28/16228284.jpg" width="110px" height="110px" /><br />
                        <font size="-1" color="#1F50B6" style="display: block !important; line-height: 15px !important; width: 116px !important; font: 12px/15px arial !important; height: 60px !important; margin: 3px 0 0 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; overflow: hidden !important;">新青年与手绘表达16</font>
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                <td width="116" valign="top" style="padding: 5px !important; margin: 0 !important; border-left: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important;">
                    <a target="_blank" title="新青年与手绘表达之九" style="text-decoration: none !important; cursor: pointer !important;" href="http://app.wumii.com/ext/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2011%2F06%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-09%2F&from=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F04%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-17%2F">
                        <img style="margin: 0 !important; padding: 2px !important; border: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important; width: 110px !important; height: 110px !important;" src="http://static.wumii.com/site_images/2011/06/03/10844997.jpg" width="110px" height="110px" /><br />
                        <font size="-1" color="#1F50B6" style="display: block !important; line-height: 15px !important; width: 116px !important; font: 12px/15px arial !important; height: 60px !important; margin: 3px 0 0 0 !important; padding: 0 !important; overflow: hidden !important;">新青年与手绘表达之九</font>
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                <td width="116" valign="top" style="padding: 5px !important; margin: 0 !important; border-left: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important;">
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		<slash:comments>7</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>生态优先的区域性景观构思——铁岭莲花湖生态公园</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2012/03/think-big-birds-first/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2012/03/think-big-birds-first/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 31 Mar 2012 04:37:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>风景园林新青年</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[视角]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[TOPOS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[公园]]></category>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>摘要：在中国，风景园林往往参与到大尺度的框架规划中来。在铁岭新城中央景观系统与莲花湖生态公园这两个项目中，生态思考在规划与设计过程中扮演着中心角色。</p>
<p>In China, landscape architecture often involves working within a large-scale framework. During the creation of Tieling New Town&#8217;s central landscape system and Lotus Lake National Wetland Park ecological thinking was central to the planning and design process.</p></blockquote>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">Article Source: Xiaodi Zheng. Think Big, Birds First. TOPOS, VOL. 77. 2011</span></p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">声明：此文章为正式授权文章，已征得作者郑晓笛同意在风景园林新青年(Youth Landscape Architecture) 上发表，严禁转载。</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Notice: This article is a reprinted version with the official permission of the author Xiaodi Zheng. Do not copy without permission.</span></strong></p>
<p>In the past decade, China has been building new towns throughout the country with an unprecedented speed. The necessity to create these new urban settlements from scratch is debatable, as is the appropriateness for the new towns to take over farmland. However, this pressing reality requires practicing landscape architects in China to be capable of envisioning large- scale landscape frameworks at the city level, and also requires them to be adept at dealing with complex challenges in multiple disciplines including ecology, civil engineering, urban design, and tourism planning. During the creation of Tieling New Town and Lotus Lake National Wetland Park, the design team was required to respond to all of these challenges.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-6174" title="think-big-birds-first-01" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/think-big-birds-first-01.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="332" /></p>
<h3>Tieling newTown.</h3>
<p>The city of Tieling is located in Northeast China, with a population of over three million inhabitants. It is situated within a tra- ditional agricultural area that has been suffering from a slow pace of eco- nomic growth over the years. To cope with the need for fast processes of urbanization and to stimulate new industries, the local government ap- proved an updated version of Tieling’s City Master Plan in 2006. The plan envisioned a new town 13 kilometers southwest to the old city center. The identified site for this new development occupies an area of 35 square kilometers with an expected population of 300,000 in 2020. Fan River flows through the west portion of the site.</p>
<p>Bordering the north limit of Tieling New Town, the Lotus Lake connects to the Liao River to the north, which is the main watercourse in the region. The surrounding area was a vast freshwater marsh before rice paddles grad- ually encroached on the wetland. In the 1960s, the Lotus Lake was turned in- to a reservoir for flood detention and irrigation supply. Following years of sedimentation and pollution, the lake’s open water area shrunk to 2.3 square kilometers, with an average depth less than one meter. However, it still serves as an important habitat for a variety of fauna and flora species.</p>
<p>In Tieling’s 2006 City Master Plan, Shanghai Tongji City Planning &amp; Design Institute defined the New Town’s basic layout and set a 3.1 kilo- meter water corridor, Tianshui Canal, as its north-south central axis, which connects the Fan River on the south with Lotus Lake on the north. Shortly after, the Department of Landscape Architecture at Beijing Tsing- hua Urban Planning &amp; Design Institute (THDLA) was invited to conduct an in-depth planning and design of the central district of the New Town, including the Ruyi Lake serving the administrative core, the axial water- course bisecting the central business district, and Fengguan Mountain anchoring the north end of the water axis.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-6173" title="think-big-birds-first-02" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/think-big-birds-first-02.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="459" /></p>
<p>“It is critical for landscape architects to get involved at city planning stage to ensure that things are done right at the bigger scale, rather than just filling in the gaps between buildings in a later time” states Jie Hu, chief de- signer at THDLA, “This is especially true during the creation of new towns and new cities in China.” Based on the design by THDLA, each main land- scape element in the New Town was given a unique identity: the Ruyi Lake in front of the new government buildings displays a political image and is activated by the retail district and recreational amenities; the central water- course and its adjacent parkland provide a variety of outdoor spaces for local residents; and Fengguan Mountain, together with Lotus Lake, serve as habitat rehabilitation zones and protected wetland park.</p>
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<p>Ecological and sustainable design approaches are taken into consider- ation at the planning stage and carried through all the way to the con- struction of the landscape systems. Based on computer simulation mod- els, two main issues are tackled: to direct water from Fan River through the central watercourse to solve the water shortage problem at the Lotus Lake; and to incorporate a series of constructed wetlands to purify dis- charged water from the old city center before it enters the Lotus Lake and eventually the Liao River. On average, 60,000 tons of treated water supple- ments Lotus Lake now daily through a 67 hectare constructed wetland composed of subsurface-flow and surface-flow wetlands.</p>
<h3>Lotus Lake national Wetland Park.</h3>
<p>Lotus Lake functions as an impor- tant stop along the East Asia Bird Migratory Route, and provides habitat for 165 bird species, including 18 endangered species. To protect this important habitat, the Lotus Lake and its surrounding area of 47 square kilometers were designated as National Wetland Park in 2006. The first phase of restoring its core area of 629 hectares was carried out by THDLA, and construction was already completed in 2008.</p>
<p>The design of the Lotus Lake Wetland Park was influenced greatly by two research projects. The first one was an environmental impact study that examined the possibility of relocating the old embankment and en- larging the water surface of Lotus Lake, and it was conducted by the De- partment of Environment at Tsinghua University. The second research project was about the required bird habitats in the region, and it was car- ried out by graduate students at the Department of Landscape Architec- ture in Tsinghua University. The bird habitat study provided a nice bridge between students’ academic research and professional practice. The stu- dents gained an opportunity to observe the complicated conditions asso- ciated with design challenges in real world, and to investigate the relation- ship between ecological preservation and recreational needs. At the same time, their research provided valuable information for the design team.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-6172" title="think-big-birds-first-03" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/think-big-birds-first-03.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="250" /></p>
<p>Based on accumulated observation data over the past 20 years, the research team analyzed the types of birds in the study area and their respective habitats. Six groups of birds are categorized according to their dependency on the aquatic environment, as well as their behav- ior characteristics. According to the birds’ needs, was concluded that four types of habitats were in shortage, including woodlands, bushes, bulrush marsh, and shoal.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-6171" title="think-big-birds-first-04" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/think-big-birds-first-04.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="275" /></p>
<p>Throughout the design process of the Lotus Lake National Wetland Park, priority has been put upon the ecological systems and bird habitat needs over human recreational desires. For example, three islands with bulrush marsh areas were created only for birds. Originally, the City Master Plan required re- moving the old lake dyke to enlarge the water body for a grand gesture and irrigation needs. During the design phase, the landscape architect and the re- search team found out that the old dyke holds the only existing woodland habitat for the majority of the migratory birds. They were able to convince the local government to preserve the old dyke and build another layer of new dyke outside of the lake to increase overall water storage volume. After mak- ing sure that all ecological requirements were met, the design team added a layer of recreational pathways and educational facilities selectively through the site. No human activities are allowed in sensitive and fragile habitat zones, while opportunities are provided for visitors to observe, to learn about, and to appreciate both the migratory and non-migratory birds in the park.</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-6170" title="think-big-birds-first-05" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/think-big-birds-first-05.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="291" /></p>
<p>From 2006 to 2008, the landscape framework of Tieling New Town, to- gether with the first phase of Lotus Lake National Wetland Park, was taking shape from design to built realities. It is exciting, but at the same time it can be horrifying, to see such fast construction at the city scale. Wouldn’t it be more sustainable to use all of the money and effort to improve urban envi- ronments of existing city centers and to preserve more farmland? However, when the strong political wheel has set its course, we, as landscape architects, at least can try to make things right and use it as an opportunity to correct past mistakes. Because the relatively low cost of landscape projects compared to architecture projects, and the “instantly greened” image that landscapes can provide, along with the increased land value they can stimulate in the adjacent region, it is becoming common practice in China to implement the central landscape area first during the creation of new towns and new cities. It is imperative for the landscape architect to have a voice at the planning stage, or more ideally, to act as the project leader. To be prepared to fulfill this role, landscape architects need to train themselves to think at a regional scale, and to obtain a synthetic understanding of multi-disciplinary know- ledge, including civil engineering, water treatment technologies, ecological rehabilitation, simulation tools, GIS analysis, and the arts. Last but certainly not least, landscape architects must be able to convey ecological design thinking to the government officials in a convincing manner.</p>
<div>
<p><span style="color: #808080;">LOTUS LAKE NATIONAL WETLAND PARK, TIELING, P.R.CHINA</span><br />
<span style="color: #808080;"> Client: Tieling City Planning Bureau</span><br />
<span style="color: #808080;"> Landscape architects: Department of Landscape Architecture at Beijing Tsinghua Urban Planning &amp; Design Institute (ThDLA)</span><br />
<span style="color: #808080;">Construction: 2008</span><br />
<span style="color: #808080;">Area: 6.29 square meters Cost: 17.5 million US dollars </span></p>
</div>
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	<h5><a href="http://www.youthla.org/2011/03/vertical-farms-impacts-and-trends-towards-ecological-urbanism/" rel="bookmark"><img width="40" height="40" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/vertical-farm-t-40x40.jpg" class="attachment-small-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="纵向耕作对生态型城市化的影响和趋势" title="纵向耕作对生态型城市化的影响和趋势" /></a></h5>
	<a href="http://www.youthla.org/2011/03/vertical-farms-impacts-and-trends-towards-ecological-urbanism/" rel="bookmark">纵向耕作对生态型城市化的影响和趋势</a><!-- (3)-->
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			<wfw:commentRss>http://www.youthla.org/2012/03/think-big-birds-first/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<item>
		<title>访Peter Walker先生</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2012/03/the-interview-with-mr-peter-walker/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2012/03/the-interview-with-mr-peter-walker/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 01:57:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>风景园林新青年</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[访谈]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Peter Walker]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.youthla.org/?p=6154</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[编者按：作为美国知名的风景园林师，Peter Walker先生创作了大量的国内同行所熟知的设计作品。今年的2月29日，他接受了风景园林新青年的专访，回答了编者提出的一些问题，并使得编者对作为一名风景园林设计师的Peter Walker其人，有了新的认识。希望能通过这篇访谈，使读者能够感受到一个与书本或是舆论上不同的设计师。 <table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>编者按：作为美国知名的风景园林师，Peter Walker先生创作了大量的国内同行所熟知的设计作品。今年的2月29日，他接受了风景园林新青年的专访，回答了编者提出的一些问题，并使得编者对作为一名风景园林设计师的Peter Walker其人，有了新的认识。希望能通过这篇访谈，使读者能够感受到一个与书本或是舆论上不同的设计师。</p></blockquote>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-6158" title="the-interview-with-mr-peter-walker-1" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/the-interview-with-mr-peter-walker-1.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="750" /></p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：您在实践领域与教学领域都有过成功的经历，您认为这两者之间的关系是什么？您是否觉得同时兼顾实践和教学会更好？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Peter Walker先生：</strong>这与个人有关。也同样取决于教学量。当我只教一个班的时候，我有时间参与实践，但是当我成为伯克利和哈佛的系主任的时候，我确实不能保证全时的实践工作了，因为有太多的工作要做。劳里欧林能够在做系主任的时候兼顾实践，相较于我他更为熟练也更为有计划性。他似乎能做的很好，所以我认为这个是因人而异的。关于两者的关系，我不认为这有一个定式。但我确实认为在学校里需要有实践者来授课，若非如此，很多事情将会变得激进，而这并非一个风景园林师的培养方式。在设计师中确实有很少的纯理论学者，他们热爱设计并且教授设计，但我认为设计师应该有一种更“真实”的东西。在学校里有太多事情是可以冒充的，但是我确信经验并非其中之一。实践经验是你伪装不了的东西。你知道，在学校的studio中你会排除许多问题，尽管你给与学生相当量的压力，但那种经历依然与实践经验不同。</p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：毫无疑问您是一位成功的风景园林师，从您的自身经历中，您能给年轻的风景园林师什么建议呢？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Peter Walker先生：</strong>其实这个就是5%的天赋与95%的努力的事儿。如果你不上心，不努力你就很难成为一个成熟的风景园林师。我所知道的所有真正优秀的设计师工作得都非常辛苦。此外，我认为旅行也同样重要。在学校你开始了你对于历史和艺术的理解，但是你如何继续深入下去呢？可以去游历，去旅行，去体验不同的文化，去博物馆，去交流，去做所有那些能让你保持活力的事情。设计并非易事，他要求你动用许多手段来关注和解决问题。就像是医生，一个医生总是不停地读书以获取新的知识，从而知道科学家都在做什么，什么药更为有用；我或许并不想知道一个医生在大学的时候都学了什么，同样我不认为大多数人都愿意知道一个风景园林师在学校里都学了什么。</p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：您曾经提到过您并不相信设计可以解决所有的社会问题，您对于此是如何理解的？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Peter Walker先生：</strong>并非所有问题。但是我认为设计是文化背景的反映。设计并不创造文化，相反文化决定了设计。我生活在这样的文化背景下，我思考我所生活于的文化，我尝试为这种文化做设计。确实有很少数的设计可以改变对文化思考的方式，但那是极少数。而普遍的设计方法依然是做一些解决功能问题的工作，这个就是基于文化背景所产生的。如果你尝试改变人们思考的方式，尝试改变历史的阶段，尝试改变道德和伦理，我觉得这就已经不是设计所关注的了。</p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：那么您认为风景园林师的社会责任是什么呢？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Peter Walker先生：</strong>我觉得社会责任就是为你所处的文化竭尽所能。我的意思是，如果这个文化是消极的，你要避免它，但是消极的总是文化的一部分——并非文化的所有部分都是好的。文化中有好的方面，你就要关注到并对其赋予形式，以使得其他人能够识别出来。（<strong>风景园林新青年：所以您认为您并不创造一种文化形式而仅仅是顺应它？</strong>）我认为你可以在学校或是办公室创造一种文化形式，但是如果有人认为通过设计公园或是花园就能够改变世界，我认为这就是在浪费时间了。并不是说这永远不会发生，你的设计到底是要创造出美丽的环境并为人服务，还是为了你能过一种富足的生活？如果你的设计是为了能够过一种富足的生活你就有可能不会有那样富足的生活，这是错误的模式。</p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：众所周知中国现在是世界上最大的建设市场，但是还有一个事实我们必须认识到，就是风景园林行业发展并没有美国那样成熟。比如施工技术方面，相较而言美国更为发达。您认为这会影响您在中国的设计么？如果是，如何避免呢？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Peter Walker先生：</strong>如果你想要到一个特别的地方却发现这个地方与世界上其他地方没有什么两样，你会很失望。我认为，如果你能够认真学习那些放之四海皆准的知识并且尝试使用它们，会是一个更容易也更好的选择。“高技”手段并非是好的设计所必需的。在高技术形成之前我们已经实践过很久很久了。我想只要有足够的努力，有电力，你就能够在你的设计中通过可行的技术手段来创造非常关键的东西。</p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：您对景观都市主义是如何理解的？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Peter Walker先生：</strong>我完全不明白。我读了很多关于景观都市主义的东西，我知道所有人都对他有兴趣，但是我必须承认我就是不懂。</p>
<hr id="en" />
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2 align="left">The interview with Mr. Peter Walker</h2>
<p><strong>YouthLA: you have taught in colleges and also had a lot of successful projects all over the world, what do you think is the relationship between teaching and professional practice? And do you think it is a better choice to do both at the same time?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mr Peter Walker:</strong> it is depends on the person. And it is also depends on the amount of teaching. When I was teaching a single class I can practice. And when I became the chairman both for Berkeley and also Harvard I really couldn’t practice full time. Because I have too many things to do. Laurie Olin in the other hand was able to practice being a chairman, He is more skillful more management than I was .he seem to do fan jobs so I think it is just individual. I don’t think there is a rule. But I do think it is very important to the school to have practitioner to teach. Because otherwise everything become radical and that is not the way to train a landscape architect. The other thing is there is very few pure academism who are designers. they like design and teach design. but I think there is something more “real” about the designer. there are so many things in school you have to simulate and I think the experience is not one of those things. Experience of practice is the thing you can’t simulate. studio you know you give up problems and you give the certain amount of pressure on the student but it is not the same as practice.</p>
<p><strong>YouthLA: it is no doubt that you are a really successful landscape architect. Can you give any suggestions to the young landscape architects from your own experience?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mr Peter Walker:</strong> it is that all thing about 5% inspiration and 95% of perspiration. It is very difficult to be a strong designer if you don’t care about it and if you don’t work on it. Every really good designers I know works very hard. I think travelling is really important. you get your beginning of your history and your beginning your knowledge of art in school. but then how you continue both? By travel, by visiting things, by going other cultures ,by going to museum, by going to seminars by doing all the things that keep that aliving you. Design is not a thing design is that bring a lot of things to bear on problems. so is like a doctor. a doctor is reading all the time about what the new things are ,what they have learned ,what the scientists doing, what drugs were better. I would not want to go to a doctor who was not engaged in all of that. I don’t want to know from a doctor what he learned in collage and I don’t think most people want learn from a landscape architect what they learned in collage.</p>
<p><strong>YouthLA: You use to mentioned you are not a believer that design can solve any problems the society left to us and what your understanding about this?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mr Peter Walker:</strong> it is not any problems, but I think the design represent the culture. it doesn’t make the culture, the culture made the design. you know. I am in this culture I think about this culture I tried to design for this culture. there are great designs and there are very few of them, can change the way a culture thinks. but it is pretty rare. it is not the norm. the norm is to do a ordinary job of some function, which is developed thought the culture. If you try to change the way people think, if you try to change the level of history, if you try to change moral things, I just think that not what design is about.</p>
<p><strong>YouthLA: then what social responsibility do you think we should have as a landscape architect?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mr Peter Walker:</strong> well, I think your social responsibility is to do the best you can for the culture. I mean if the culture is negative, you need to stay away from it. but those a part of the culture and not all culture is all good. parts of culture is good, and he want be in there and give in the forms. so the other people can recognize it. (<strong> YouthLA: So do you mean that you don’t create a new culture but just follow them?</strong>) I think you can create a culture in school or maybe in your office, but if people think they can change the world though designing parks and gardens, I think it is a waste of time. it is not that it could never happen. Are your design is to make things beautiful and serve people, or your design to make a very handsome living. if your design is to make a very handsome living, one thing you probably not going make a very handsome living. it is the wrong mode of.</p>
<p><strong>YouthLA: we know china now has nearly the largest construction market all over the world. but it is a fact that we are still not as good as the US has already done. For example, the landscape technology in construction, the US is more advanced than us. do you think this will influence your design in china? and if it will, do you think you can get this controlled?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mr Peter Walker:</strong> If you demand a particular place in the world that their behave like another place in the world behaves, you are going to be disappointed. it is much easier and better I think if you become a really serious student of what happening wherever it is working and try to make use of that knowledge. Hi-tec is not a requirement for beautiful work. We have work all thought the ages wit out Hi-tec . My guess is with a sufficient effort, and with electric power, you can with in the possible technologies to produce important things.</p>
<p><strong>YouthLA: what do you think about the Landscape Urbanism</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mr Peter Walker:</strong> I can’t understand it at all. I have read a lot about it. I know everybody are interest in it , but I have to admit I just don’t get it.</p>
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		<title>自然城市之地——德拉门模式</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2012/03/naturbania-the-drammen-model/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2012/03/naturbania-the-drammen-model/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Mar 2012 04:40:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>风景园林新青年</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[视角]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[TOPOS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[交通节点]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[挪威]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[翻译]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.youthla.org/?p=6139</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[译者按：多样化途径、长远策略、私人和公共的共同努力，令挪威城市德拉门从“交通节点”摇身一变成为远近驰名的城镇。历经20世纪70、80年代的严重衰落，布斯克吕地区中部又重新归属于水、自然和街道生活。 <table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>译者按：多样化途径、长远策略、私人和公共的共同努力，令挪威城市德拉门从“交通节点”摇身一变成为远近驰名的城镇。历经20世纪70、80年代的严重衰落，布斯克吕地区中部又重新归属于水、自然和街道生活。</p></blockquote>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">Article Source:Julie Sjøwall Oftedal &amp; Helle Benedicte Berg.Naturbania:. TOPOS, VOL.73. 2011.</span></p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">声明：此翻译为正式授权文章，已征得作者同意在风景园林新青年(Youth Landscape Architecture) 上发表，严禁转载。</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Notice: This article is a reprinted version in Chinese with the official permission of the author. Do not copy without permission.</span></strong></p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-6145" title="naturbania-the-drammen-model-01" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/naturbania-the-drammen-model-01.jpg" alt="" width="586" height="445" /></p>
<p>在过去，驱车经过德拉门时要抓紧时间，是每个挪威人都知道的事。这个城镇曾被称为“E18高速公路的阴暗角落”。德拉门深受区域性过境交通之害。当形态破碎的街区向外撤出、躲避受污染的有毒河流时，德拉门那顶着“挪威最丑陋的城镇”的名声，被遗弃了。</p>
<p>在过去20年里，这样的印象被逐步、但彻底地改变了。80年代晚期，德拉门市政府联合工商业被迫采取了初步行动以改善环境。除了大量的污染问题之外，居住和商业性开发活动在镇外产生，也使得街道和社交场所从生活的中心慢慢退去。德拉门市政府，像挪威其他众多的工业城市一样，面临着主要来自就业、商业政策、经济方面的压力。</p>
<div id="attachment_6141" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 445px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6141" title="naturbania-the-drammen-model-05" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/naturbania-the-drammen-model-05.jpg" alt="" width="435" height="727" /><p class="wp-caption-text">德拉门位于奥斯陆峡湾的一条支流——德拉门峡湾的尾端。城市中心结构是城市轴线，它沟通了城市的两侧，也使河流重获新生。由Eggen Architects 设计的Ypsilon人行桥凭借其已获奖的建筑殊荣，强化了与新建的德拉门科技园区之间的联系。</p></div>
<h3>改善环境的举措</h3>
<p>减缓恶性循环的第一项主要计划产生于1986年，挪威环境大臣发起了针对德拉门指定的“绿色计划”。这项由国家出资的行动包括了对德拉门河的清理，城市生活污水与造纸业废水的排放，造就了那里有害健康的危险环境。庞杂的清理工程中，有一部分是铺设几公里长崭新的下水管道和新建污水处理厂。在10年里，以相当于现在一亿两千五百万欧元的代价，德拉门河以及一条峡湾支流变得比二战之前更干净了。这些举措，对城镇进一步发展机会和规划的描绘，提供了必要的新活力和新保证。例如， 1988年一项名为“德拉门之梦”的建筑竞赛，从根本上讲非常重要，它提出了有意义的观点、提议、和对中肯的城市更新步骤的认识。“德拉门之梦”明确了市政当局必须选择一种综合的发展策略，而非单个的建设项目。因此，这项挑战就要站在足够长远的角度，以设法在市民和商业部门中达到政治上的团结和主人翁精神。</p>
<p>从这时开始，在空间干预上优先发展的几个额外区域也被划定：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>更新路网系统：</strong>在河流两侧的山丘里建隧道、把主干道放在西边，中心城区的道路就能成为噪音小、污染少的街道。为了更有效地处理好南下到达奥斯陆的交通，贴着旧桥建造的新桥将E18高速公路从两车道拓宽到了四车道。自行车道的网络体系建立在改造过的街道里。步行者、自行车和公共汽车的可达性一直是这座城市规划中重要而完整的部分。</li>
<li><strong>强化城市中心：</strong>从过去到现在，一条明确界定的城市轴线一直是强有力的重心，它将周围的山丘一个个彼此相连、并与城市通过河流相连接。轴线穿过了火车站这个最重要的公共运输节点，还有主广场、主教堂、中央运动场、电影院和博物馆等。通过逐步提升城市质量和中心聚会场所，城外大型购物商场遭受挑战，而街道生活又回来了。丹麦城市规划师Jan Gchl 也参与了这个过程。中心区历史建筑、主要公共空间、Bragernes广场得到了更新和修复；精心设计的崭新的街道家具、照明和公共设施也进行了安装。作为项目的补充，我们还能见到在市中心进行住房密集化的计划，以及为了巩固德拉门知识产业进行的大量工作。在这里最优先考虑的是可持续性，以及一个能够增强可达性、和城镇-滨河区域之间可识别性的规划。河岸成了受欢迎的聚会地点，由此还带动了水上运动和公共生活。项目的目标就是“将河道还给城市”，优秀的景观设计和有创意的建筑设计，更是在各种层面上吸引了眼球。</li>
<li><strong>河畔、绿色空间和公园：</strong>河岸被设计成德拉门峡谷中央的公园大道。市政规划保护了河道的历史景观与自然景观，与此同时，为河岸两侧的公园和人行道提出了范围更广的发展规划。这些工作从九十年代初期就已开始，也仍然是优先发展的对象。现在沿河已经有了10座公园和7公里长的步道。</li>
</ul>
<div id="attachment_6143" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6143" title="naturbania-the-drammen-model-03" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/naturbania-the-drammen-model-03.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="435" /><p class="wp-caption-text">将城市两侧繁忙的交通引导进山体隧道后，城市空间得以新生。交叉于德拉门河的城市轴线既是城镇原有的根基，又再一次成了城市生活与文化的核心。</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6142" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 516px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6142" title="naturbania-the-drammen-model-04" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/naturbania-the-drammen-model-04.jpg" alt="" width="506" height="496" /><p class="wp-caption-text">清理污水与污染物、提升自然环境成了城市更新的重要手段。过去10年里建了14公里长的沿河步道，现在在街道上已经成了自行车与人行优先了。</p></div>
<h3>途径和模式</h3>
<p>新世纪伊始，德拉门的市民们被邀请并参与对更长远发展策略的抉择。获胜方案是“自然城市之地”：它描绘的场景是——城镇能够亲近周围的山丘、河流和自然，伴随着与工业的认知相符合的充满生气的文化生活。这个想法受到了广泛欢迎，德拉门市的规划师又设法再一次展示了一些大胆而与此有共识的观点，作为未来发展策略的基础平台。这个途径与90年代的相似，构成了所谓的“德拉门模式”——着重于创造最初迷人的概念和想象之美景，并由市民和专家协作完成，合作贯穿于组织过程和结尾过程，即涉及规划的实施和具体解决方案、及建筑立面的阶段。此外，德拉门还展现出在筹集项目资金、开展计划和规划方面的能力。以Ypsilon大桥为例，最初预算为3千万挪威克朗，最终支出却超过预算的2倍，当地的企业立即支付了额外的费用。</p>
<p>德拉门成功的一个重要因素是参与者：规划师、政客、公众、经济参与方，证明了他们有强大的能力达成基本协议、始终如一地保持将德拉门建成“更大、更好、更具地位的城镇”这一目标。这个目标早在1991年就已设立。从丑小鸭到骄傲天鹅的转换是极具抱负的，同时也是复杂而多层次的，但由于坚实的基础和严格界定的资金措施，这种对潜力和机会的成功利用成了效仿的对象。德拉门实现了它最初的梦想，并且让一个充满活力的、有机的“自然城市之地”的概念栩栩如生。</p>
<h3>关于德拉门</h3>
<ul>
<li>德拉门位于布斯克吕郡，距离奥斯陆的首都区域35分钟火车车程。</li>
<li>从14世纪起，德拉门的主要产业是木材贸易，随后是木材加工和包括造船在内的技术产业。德拉门曾被认为是挪威最美的城镇，直到19世纪，工业增长、超流通性、工业废弃物等造成了大量问题。</li>
<li>德拉门是挪威第五大区域里的交通枢纽，位于奥斯陆峡湾的一条支流——德拉门峡湾的尾端，方便利用海上航线，例如去往瑞典、丹麦和波罗地海国家的航线。港口业务、汽车进口都是核心贸易行业。</li>
<li>德拉门沿河而建，夹在两边树木繁茂的山丘之中。河流是这座城镇意向的根本性要素。主要的高速公路E18穿越城镇，它和奥斯陆-卑尔根铁路线一起，为德拉门提供了通往东部和南部、以及周围泰勒马克郡、阿格德郡的便捷交通。</li>
<li>德拉门拥有大约63000人口（挪威总人口为4,888,000-根据挪威统计部门），人口增长迅速，过去4年以每年2.1%的速度增长。这一数值达到历史新高，应当考虑到这与成功的城市开发运动、文化和环境方面的努力分不开。过去10年里，德拉门在城市开发、交通、通讯相关项目上的花费超过7亿挪威克朗。</li>
</ul>
<div id="attachment_6144" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 290px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6144" title="naturbania-the-drammen-model-02" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/naturbania-the-drammen-model-02.jpg" alt="" width="280" height="652" /><p class="wp-caption-text">由Alliance Architects和 Norconsult 公司提交的“展望Strømsø”方案，在评委会认为是将气候效率和令人信服的城市规划策略进行最佳结合的方案。南部的河岸将会与城市轴线相联系，但仍将保持自己的特征。这个新的发展计划基于现有的城市街区肌理。通过城市街区的横向条带里建起的绿道，将与滨河公园相连。</p></div>
<h3>案例研究：Strømsø</h3>
<p>在河岸南部强化Strømsø，是德拉门项目城市发展核心里最近的贡献。这个项目坚定地本着以创造一个可持续的城镇为目标，这样的变革依靠的是有约束力的环境措施。2009年秋季德拉门市政府举办了一场国际竞赛以提出街区未来发展的方案。由Alliance Architects和 Norconsult 公司提交的“展望Strømsø”方案，在评委会认为是将气候效率和令人信服的城市规划策略进行最佳结合的方案。这个街区同意作为实验街区试行规划和设计，在这里所选的一切都是适合可持续化生活的、环保的。</p>
<p>Strømsø将会连接到城市轴线上，但会保持与Bragrnes – 已建成的购物区截然不同的特性。</p>
<p>开发的区域紧连主要的铁路和公共汽车站，是这个城镇现在最集中的城市生长最重要的用地来源。良好的公共交通网络有助于对环境的突出强调。在步行距离内可以达到主要的火车站，这里有通往奥斯陆和Gardermoen机场离港处的直达列车。</p>
<p>Strømsø有许多印记记录了城镇的历史。新的发展计划基于现有城市街区肌理。计划的目标是让街坊在能源上自给自足，手段是利用能产生剩余能量的房屋作为已有建筑的补充、同时更新已有房屋，而不是兴建新的建筑。郊区停车场、街区内的基础商业、通过城市街区的横向条带里建起的绿道，将令这个街坊将与河流公园在一个无车地带相连。这项竞赛是由德拉门市政府发起的，同时与FutureBuilt项目小组合作，这个小组研究回应气候的建筑的发展、还有奥斯陆、德拉门的城市项目。FutureBuilt受到的启发来自德国IBA国际建筑展、哥本哈根X，和Stavanger2008里的挪威木屋（Norwegian Wood）。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-6140" title="naturbania-the-drammen-model-06" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/naturbania-the-drammen-model-06.jpg" alt="" width="579" height="407" /></p>
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		<title>走万里路——王澍讲座纪实</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2012/03/wangshu-lecture/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2012/03/wangshu-lecture/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 08 Mar 2012 01:55:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>风景园林新青年</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[访谈]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.youthla.org/?p=6127</guid>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="color: #888888;">整理：钟惠城</span><br />
<span style="color: #888888;">注：讲座纪实由志愿者凭记忆整理，如有纰漏，请海涵。</span></p>
<p>2012年2月27日晚6:30，在UCLA的 Perloff Hall里，一场学术讲座在有趣的开场白中开始了。UCLA建筑学院副院长Neil Denari微笑着说：“今天上午，Caroline Blackburn给我打了个电话。说王澍获得了今年的普利兹克奖，我太高兴了，我想是我赢了！”（“Wang Shu won this year’s Pritzker Prize, and I was so happy that I thought I won!” ）报告厅里的人开怀大笑，为副院长“预见性”地邀请了王澍于今天作演讲而鼓掌。谁也没有预料到，这场早已安排好的常规学术讲座成了王澍老师获得普利兹克奖后的首次公众演讲。</p>
<p>Neil Denari并没有像往常那样宣读演讲者的简历，而是引用了普利兹克评委对王澍老师的评价：“看看当今的建筑行业，我们几乎无所不能。我们经常超越各种不可能。王澍和他的伙伴们拒绝了这样的轰闹与技术野心，尽管实践的时间并不长，他们积累了充实的作品，现代而有诗意。这些作品，已经成为了中国历史与建筑的一笔财产”。同时，他引用了Zaha Hadid的评价：&#8221;王澍的作品因将雕塑的力量和对当代的敏感合二为一而与众不同”。</p>
<p>介绍毕，王澍老师走上讲台，谈起了自己的获奖：“这真是个巨大的惊喜。我本来打算休业两年再回归的，我的儿子已经十岁了，我需要更多的时间陪伴我的家人，但如今得了这个奖，或许还得继续下去，因为周围的人也希望我继续下去。但是，我真的认为我该休息休息，我需要享受生活。建筑并不比我的生活重要，我相信如果你没有一个好的生活，你无法成为一个好的建筑师。”</p>
<p>随后，王澍老师开始了他的演讲。演讲的内容以中国山水画为线索，以中国的高速城市化进程为背景，阐述他的价值观、设计哲学和建筑作品。由于我们没有做笔记和录音，只能与大家分享王澍老师的只言片语：</p>
<p>“每一次做设计时，我不想只是设计建筑，我想设计一个世界。”</p>
<p>“在不到20年的时间里，中国的每一座城市失去了它们的个性——一切都被改变了，社区、邻里都消失了。中国人骨子里并不喜欢搬迁，他们像植物一样有着“根”的观念。但报纸上开始宣传我们要向美国人一样生活。如今，中国人开始了迁移，不停地迁移。”</p>
<p>我认为，在中国人传统的观念里，景观一词从来都不等同于绿地（green space）。人们通过心灵与实践去寻找“自然之道”，营造吻合“自然之道”的城市与建筑空间。“自然之道”代表了一种高于人类社会的文化价值。</p>
<p>“从1990年开始，我停止了建筑设计，停止了许多年。我离开了市场，离开了体制，我想寻找属于自己的设计方式。在中国，像美国一样，他们总爱纸上谈兵，但他们并不清楚材料。”</p>
<p>“中国有着强大的中央体制，但另一方面，中国文化非常有趣，因为直到现在它仍保持着多元、差异的地域文化性。如果有一天，中国失去了这种多元化和差异性，那么我们将永远丢失我们的传统。”</p>
<p>“我不做假古董，恢复所谓原貌这样的事情，绝对不做，永远不做。”</p>
<p>“我要感谢我的超级妻子，我的作品也有妻子的贡献。普利兹克奖不仅属于我一个人，还属于我的妻子，我的助手和工匠们。”</p>
<p>讲座结束后，我们向王澍老师介绍了风景园林新青年的大致情况，并邀请他为我们留言。他欣然接受了邀请，为我们写下：“边走边读，去走万里路吧！”</p>
<p>这位行者的留言，不同的人会有不同的解读，但不管怎样都透露着他对年轻人实践、实验和实干的期望。我们为王澍老师获得这份世界建筑界的殊荣而感到振奋，也希望作为新青年的我们微笑着继续前行，去走万里路！</p>
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		<title>访Mirka Beneš教授：美国风景园林历史研究与教学</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2012/03/the-interview-of-prof-mirka-benes-historical-research-and-education-of-landscape-architecture-in-the-usa/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2012/03/the-interview-of-prof-mirka-benes-historical-research-and-education-of-landscape-architecture-in-the-usa/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 04 Mar 2012 13:47:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>风景园林新青年</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[访谈]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[English]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[历史]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[学习方法]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[教学]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.youthla.org/?p=6118</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[编者按：笔者对Mirka Beneš教授关于“美国风景园林历史研究工作与教学”的采访，通过几个富有针对性的问题，获得了Mirka Beneš教授对于美国风景园林历史、教学等方面深入浅出的介绍以及对园林学生学习方法的引导。此文对于意在了解美国风景园林发展、研究工作以及风景园林学习方法的人士都有不错的指导意义。 <table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>编者按：笔者对Mirka Beneš教授关于“美国风景园林历史研究工作与教学”的采访，通过几个富有针对性的问题，获得了Mirka Beneš教授对于美国风景园林历史、教学等方面深入浅出的介绍以及对园林学生学习方法的引导。此文对于意在了解美国风景园林发展、研究工作以及风景园林学习方法的人士都有不错的指导意义。<br />
关键词：历史研究，园林历史，学习方法，教学</p></blockquote>
<p><strong>笔者按：</strong>历史研究是构建一个完整学科体系的重要组成之一。而目前中国，在纷繁匆忙的风景园林实践步伐中，我们似乎无暇去探索历史尚未被挖掘的丰富宝藏，去补充历史所蕴含的殷实给养了……2011年11月至今，笔者有幸到美国德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校访学，期间旁听了Mirka Beneš教授的西方风景园林史课程并翻阅了她的著作。在感叹其学术造诣之余，笔者希望能够对美国风景园林历史研究与教学做进一步了解，于是便有了此次采访。</p>
<p><strong>受访者：</strong>Mirka Beneš教授，曾经在哈佛大学GSD讲授风景园林历史，目前任职于德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校建筑学院，是美国目前主要的风景园林历史学家之一。她师从被Philip Johnson称为“史上最具影响力建筑学教师”的耶鲁大学教授Vincent J. Scully先生， 并获得博士学位。Beneš教授作为联合主编出版了Villas and Gardens in Early Modern Italy and France (Cambridge University Press, 2001)以及Clio in the Italian Garden (Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C., 2011)。</p>
<div id="attachment_6119" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 479px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6119" title="mirka-benes-01" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/mirka-benes-01.jpg" alt="" width="469" height="542" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Mirka Beneš教授</p></div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：您能简要介绍一下美国风景园林历史研究工作的发展状况吗？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mirka Beneš教授：</strong>在20世纪初期已经出现一些关于英国、法国与意大利花园的艺术史视角的研究工作，但我想说对于风景园林更广阔视野的真正关注开始于上世纪七八十年代。只有当风景园林历史研究将更大范围的土地景观、花园与农业的相互联系、与公园相联系的自然系统等概念纳入研究范畴之后，才算最终实现了一个广泛的、综合的和真实的研究图景。</p>
<p>关于这一发展，我认为，它确实开始于二十世纪七十年代，而到八十年代便出现了对更大范围景观的关注：英国地理学家Denis Cosgrove与Stephen Daniel编辑了一本学术著作《风景图解》（the Iconography of Landscape, 1988），其中他们收集表明这一新观点的文章。之后，他们在九十年代对该工作做了进一步深入。1993年，Cosgrove出版了关于帕拉第奥别墅的《帕拉第奥式景观》（The Palladian landscape），便涉及到农业生产、排水系统、土地开垦、制图学以及自然系统等方面。该书从一个更广泛的视角研究风景园林，而非局限于花园本身，而这便是一个非常重要的发展。后来，Daniels在1999年出版了《胡弗莱•雷普敦：风景花园与乔治亚英格兰的地形》（Humphry Repton: landscape gardening and the geography of Georgian England）。该书将风景园林与政治社会因素相联系，设定了一个综合框架，而这确实起到很好的作用。现在看来，这些英国地理学家对于美国的风景园林历史研究起到了很大作用。</p>
<p>另一方面产生作用的是一些现代的风景园林设计师，例如Michael Van Valkenburgh、Martha Schwartz、George Hargreaves以及其他人。他们开始重新讨论并思考实践过程中的一些问题，也开始写一些相关的文章。这对风景园林及其历史的研究产生很大影响。</p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：风景园林历史研究领域研究者的主要背景是怎样的？ </strong></p>
<p><strong>Mirka Beneš教授：</strong>以我为例，最开始我接受的是绘画和艺术史训练。然后，我在耶鲁大学攻读博士学位研究艺术史，并在最终的博士论文中转变为研究建筑史。后来，我开始接触关于17世纪罗马土地景观的课题，集中关注Villa Pamphilj以及罗马周围更大范围的农业景观。从此，我便改变了仅仅在艺术史学科范畴内关注花园历史的研究方式。在获得博士学位的同一年，我很快在MIT教了一年书之后又在哈佛获得了教职席位并在那儿呆了18年。在我刚去那里的时候，哈佛还没有形成如何教授风景园林历史的成熟模板。</p>
<p>现在，许多风景园林历史学家多来自于获得博士学位的设计师背景。例如，我有一个学生Michael Lee，曾在华盛顿敦巴顿橡树园研究中心作为博士后研究花园与景观。他首先在哈佛GSD获得风景园林专业的职业后硕士学位，然后开始进行博士研究。他的研究课题是18世纪晚期至19世纪早期的德国景观，最开始探讨哲学与花园的关系，然后关注于新普鲁士郡的基础设施与大尺度景观作品。他便是这样从设计转向了博士研究。</p>
<p>目前已经出现了新一代的风景园林历史学家，其中一部分人的博士论文是由John Dixon Hunt教授指导的。Hunt教授是一位非常重要的园林历史学家，最新编辑了一部多卷册著作《园林的文化历史》（A Cultural History of Gardens）。他曾经在宾夕法尼亚大学教书十余年，并培养了一批同样来自设计背景的博士研究生。</p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：目前风景园林历史研究的主要领域有哪些？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mirka Beneš教授：</strong>在敦巴顿橡树园的网站（<a href="http://www.doaks.org" target="_blank">www.doaks.org</a>）上显示有现在以及之前每年所有研究者的研究课题。从那上面我们能够辨识出这些年在风景园林专业的研究课题。其中一个最近的项目是关于风景园林的鸟瞰照片、地形以及绘图的研究，另外还有关于意大利园林、英国园林以及中国园林等方面的研究。</p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：在这一发展时期，风景园林历史研究方法是如何改变的？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mirka Beneš教授：</strong>我认为二十世纪七十年代是一条重要的分界线。在那之前，美国诸如David R. Coffin这样的研究者多来自于艺术史研究部门。甚至对于后来担任敦巴顿橡树园研究中心主任的Elisabeth Blair MacDougall，她的方法也只是单纯记录园林作为一门艺术的历史，而忽略了其他各种证据。我认为在上世纪七十年代末到八十年代初的方法论改变便是风景园林学者开始通过对经济、社会与技术历史的关注重新构建风景园林历史。他们关注各种不同类型的资源，其范围远比那些前辈们所关注的要广泛，但不能否定这些前辈们的工作为后来的所有发展奠定了基础。他们也开始对社会科学产生兴趣，并采取来自于法国年鉴学派历史学家们的方法。法国的一些历史学家、地理学家与人类学家曾在1929年创办了简称为《年鉴学派》（The Annales）的杂志，他们从地理学、人类学框架的视角，通过强调作为一套生命系统的更大范畴的研究图景更新了历史学的研究方式。</p>
<p>这一影响便是将历史学与地理学结合在一起。地理学在上世纪七八十年代扮演了非常重要的作用。刚才提及的英国地理学家Denis Cosgrove与 Stephen Daniels便是风景园林历史研究的重要人物。当然此外，受关注结构、社会、经济生产的新马克思主义理论的影响，园林与这些因素的关系也变得重要起来，并以一种更加调和的方式出现，对该领域发展具有重要意义。</p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：您最近一些年主要研究哪些课题？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mirka Beneš教授：</strong>最近一些年，我在研究罗马领地内社会地理背景下16与17世纪的罗马别墅以及与其相关的风景园林设计。我关注有关其土地所属的广泛视角——谁拥有这些土地、在哪里以及其意义是什么。这些花园被认为是以更小形式对更大范围景观的再现，而这与中国园林微缩与再现自然山水的情况有些相似。</p>
<p>我感兴趣并开始研究的另一个方面是花园、公园以及景观是如何被使用的。我基于视觉再现、文献和图像展开研究，观察谁在使用它们以及如何使用它们。我认为在风景园林历史，甚至在现代景观作品中，人们很少关注这些作品是如何被使用的——谁在使用、多少女人、多少男人、在一起还是分开的以及谁在扮演主要角色。所以，我对社会很感兴趣——社会结构及其对风景园林的影响。此外，我对探讨制图与风景园林的关系也很感兴趣。</p>
<p>除了17世纪罗马之外，我也发表关于风景园林的现代主义发展方面的文章。我对于研究二十世纪初在1933年国家社会主义（National Socialism，纳粹主义）出现之前，1905年至1920年期间的德国在历史变革中所发生的风景园林变化很有兴趣。其园林被称为“建筑园林”（architectural gardens）或者“自然园林”（natural gardens），它们代表了开放空间和生态模式的概念，而这也是我所感兴趣的。</p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：在您的历史课程中，你强调培养学生哪些方面的知识与能力？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mirka Beneš教授：</strong>首先，我强调他们很好地掌握景观实体视觉方面的知识。因此，他们会接受如何使用词汇去描述景观设计的训练。其次，我强调他们具有“语境”（context）意识。我经常要求他们从社会、经济与文化以及技术发展等更广阔的语境去构建所学习的景观设计作品。我认为将景观设计放入更广泛同时更具体的语境中研究非常重要。再次，我要求他们非常严格地对待他们所开展的研究工作，比如图解方面的文献阅读与研究。他们经常需要完成附带注释的阅读目录，说明每本书或者文章是如何影响他们的研究的。因此，我们会通过大量论文训练引导他们将其想法转化成文字。当然，同时我也希望他们能够加强手绘。因为在今天，任何事情都可以利用电脑完成，这导致他们在进行恰当的手绘方面存在很多困难。而手绘将是很好的训练——因为如果他们手绘一个园林作品，他们会通过手画的每一根线条更好地了解这一作品。另外一个他们需要掌握的重要技能是我所谓的“概念框架”——审视景观设计的方法论（或称理论）框架。他们需要掌握一系列的方法，正如我之前所提到的：风景园林历史学家需要从地理学、社会学、生态学以及艺术学吸取方法。我同样也要求他们明确自己所使用的方法。</p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：我发现在中国似乎存在这样一种现象：一些风景园林专业的学生与设计师并不十分重视历史知识，尤其是中国古典园林知识。其原因或许是我们不知道如何从历史中学习设计知识。您如何看待这一现象，能否就如何学习历史给我们一些建议？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mirka Beneš教授：</strong>我认为历史作品具有很大的价值，同时也对我的学生强调这一点。他们有些人对过去的作品感兴趣，也有很多人不是这样，而是更喜欢今天所应用的现代语言。我认为历史重要是因为传统的设计语言为学生提供了研究的先例与样本，探讨各种设计要素是如何组合在一起的——这就是我所谓的“排演”（Rehearsal）概念，学习研究设计的各要素和语境是如何组合在一起的。这意味着，当审视一个处在特定艺术与文化传统的景观作品的时候，我们需要观察这些作品是如何生成的，其设计语言如何进化的。而这也使我们更加明确它们是如何在语境中合成为一个整体的模型的。今天的风景园林是非常综合的，涉及到艺术、技术、物质材料、概念、社会等等。因此，考虑到历史的距离问题，早期传统的历史与我们分隔较久，而以它们的方式进行观察会更容易一些。</p>
<p>对于你所谈到的这个现象，我认为对于中国学生来说一个很好的方法是手绘一些古典园林。如果他们能够画出来，通过绘制使他们理解基本的历史设计语言是什么，以及那个时期的语境是怎样的。同时，我认为了解这些历史作品的社会背景也非常关键。我刚才使用了“排演”的概念——排演一下这些历史作品是如何组织在一起的。当你了解了它们的社会背景，使用他们的人是怎样的，以及当时更大范围基础设施的情况是怎样的——在历史上这是关于过程的，而今天同样如此。</p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：您比较强调通过亲自踏访和感受历史作品来学习与研究风景园林，那么场地踏访是如何帮助您进行风景园林历史研究的呢？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mirka Beneš教授：</strong>在我的风景园林研究中，场地踏访确实扮演着重要的作用，或许可以说最为重要的因素。没有什么事情能够像仔细踏访研究场地一样充满信息与意义的了。在场地里，我会产生许多想法，感受场地尺度，以及思考自己（以及他人）是如何对其进行感知的。我经常携带历史平面的复印件考察历史作品——这样我就能够将其与场地现状进行比较。我会多次前往一个场地，并拍摄一天内不同时刻、不同光线条件下的照片。历史场地可能随时间改变而具有许多层面的变化，因此为了很好地理解这些层面内容，我们需要非常仔细地进行观察。</p>
<p><strong>风景园林新青年：在场地探访时，许多年轻风景园林设计师不懂得如何去观察与思考，而只是一味地拍照片。那么，您认为他们在参观一些著名的景观作品时应该注意哪些方面呢？</strong></p>
<p><strong>Mirka Beneš教授：</strong>年轻风景园林师应该努力挖掘场地被感知与游历的不同方式。他们可以通过踱步“丈量”场地，并获得尺度感受。如果可能，他们也应该携带场地的平面地图等，这样他们能够通过比较历史信息更好地熟悉场地状况。最重要的，他们应该在踏访过程中做许多的场地速写：平面图、透视图、材料细部以及植被。记录材料细节非常重要，因为这些经常被忽视；当然他们也可以通过招牌记录材料细节以及植被状况。</p>
<hr id="en" />
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>The Interview of Prof. Mirka Beneš: Historical Research and Education of Landscape Architecture in the USA</h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Youthla: Could you introduce the development of Landscape Architecture historical researches in the United States briefly?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Mirka Beneš:</strong> In the early 20th century, there were already researches in English on French gardens and Italian gardens from the perspective of history of art, but I will say that the real attention to the broad view of landscape architecture started in the 1970s and 1980s. It will become, eventually and only later, a real picture of landscape architecture in a broad, comprehensive, and good sense when the history of landscape architecture includes studies of the larger landscape, the relationship between garden and agriculture, natural systems as related to gardens and parks.</p>
<p>For this development, I think, it actually started to happen in the 1970s, and by the 1980s there was a new development that began to include the larger landscape, in which several British geographers, Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, began with an edited academic book called the Iconography of Landscape (1988), in which they gathered essays reflecting this new point of view. Then each one continued in their work through the 1990s. In 1993 Cosgrove published a book on The Palladian landscape, which is about Palladian villas, but studied in terms of agricultural production, land drainage, land reclamation, cartography and natural systems points of views. So that is on the real landscape architecture in the broad sense, not on just gardens, and this is a very important development. Then Daniels published a book on Humphry Repton: landscape gardening and the geography of Georgian England in 1999, connecting to the political and social issues, and it really set a context and that is very good. Therefore, these British geographers had a huge impact on the American researchers.</p>
<p>Another thing happened was that contemporary landscape architects, like Michael Van Valkenburgh, Martha Schwartz, George Hargreaves, and others, began to re-theory and think about the associated questions in their field, and also begin to write on these issues. That has had a big impact on the field of the study of landscape architecture and its history.</p>
<p><strong>Youthla: What are the main backgrounds of the researchers in landscape architectural history researching area?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Mirka Beneš:</strong> Taking myself for example, I was first trained as a painter and an art historian. Then I did art history for the Ph.D. at Yale University, and finally changed to research Architectural history in my PhD. dissertation. However, I started to touch the topic of Roman landscape in the 17th century, focusing on the Villa Pamphilj and the larger agricultural landscape in the territory around Rome. This was my transitional way from focusing only on history of gardens situated in the discipline of history of art. And very soon while getting my PhD degree the same year, I taught one year in MIT, and then I got a position in Harvard, where I taught for the next 18 years. When I arrived there, there were no course models on how to teach the history of landscape architecture.</p>
<p>Nowadays, many of the historians of landscape architecture are designers who also got their PhD degrees. For example, I had one student named Michael Lee, who is a post doctoral fellow at the Dumbarton Oaks Center for Studies in Gardens and Landscape in Washington. He first got a Post Professional Master’s degree of Landscape Architecture at Harvard, then he did the PhD program there. He worked on the German landscapes in the late 18th and early 19th century, first on the relation between philosophy and gardens, and now on the infrastructure and large landscape works of the new Prussian state. He thus moved from the design side to the PhD.</p>
<p>There is a new generation of historians of landscape architecture now, and a number of them did Ph.D. dissertations directed by John Dixon Hunt who is a very important historian of gardens and now the editor of a new multi-volume work, the A Cultural History of Gardens. He has taught in the University of Pennsylvania for 10 to 15 years and had a number of PhD student who also have the background of design.</p>
<p><strong>Youthla: What are the main current areas of research today?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Mirka Beneš:</strong> On the website of Dumbarton Oaks which is www.doaks.org, there are annual research topics of the current and former fellows shown. From that, we can figure out the research topics of landscape architecture in these years. One recent project was on aerial photography of Landscape Architecture, topography and mapping, there are also studies of Italian Gardens, English gardens, and Chinese gardens and so on.</p>
<p><strong>Youthla: How did the research methodology change during this period?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Mirka Beneš:</strong> I think the 1970s are an important dividing line. Before that, researchers like David R. Coffin in the US were in departments of art history. And even for Elisabeth Blair MacDougall later, who was the director later in the Dumbarton Oaks research center, her approach was to document the history of gardens as art instead of looking at other kinds of evidence. I think that a methodological change by the late 1970s and early 1980s was that the scholars of landscape architecture began to re-model the history – taking into account the history of economy, society and technology, and they looked at many different kinds of sources, much broader than what the pioneers focused on, but the work of these pioneers was foundational for everything that followed. They also began to be interested in social science, and in approaches taken from the Annales group of historians in France, who founded The Annales, the short name of the journal founded in 1929 by the group of historians, geographers and anthropologists in France, who rejuvenated the study of history through the perspective of geographical and anthropological frameworks and through an emphasis on the larger landscape as a set of living systems.</p>
<p>That impact was to bring history and geography together. Geography is very important in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The British geographers, like Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, were major figures in landscape architecture history. Also, the approach from neo-Marxist theory, that is, about structure, society, economic production and the relation of garden to those again began to be important, but in a much more mediated way that was very significant for this field.</p>
<p><strong>Youthla: What do you mainly research on in the recent years?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Mirka Beneš:</strong> In recent years, I am researching the Roman villas in the 16th and 17th century in the social geography of the Roman territory, but also in terms of their landscape architectural design. I looked at them in a broad perspective of land ownership – who owned the land and where and meaning of that. A particular group of gardens and parks were thought as a recreation of larger landscapes in more miniature form, and that is similar to the uses of miniaturization and representation in the Chinese.</p>
<p>Another aspect I am interested in and have worked on is how the garden, parks and landscape are used. I do research work based on the visual representations, writings and drawings to see who used them, how they used them. I think that in the history of landscape architecture, relatively little attention has been paid, even the contemporary landscape works, to how these landscapes are used – who used them, how many women, how many men, together or separately, were active protagonists in them. Therefore, I am very interested in society, the structure of society and its impact on the gardens. Besides, I am also interested in working on the relationship between paintings and landscape architecture.</p>
<p>I also have published on modernism in landscape architecture and not only on 17th century Rome. And it’s very interesting to study what happened in Germany in the early twentieth century, because of the new society that emerged in about 1905 to 1920 before National Socialism in 1933. The gardens were called “architectural gardens” or “natural gardens”, and they represented concepts of open air rooms and also ecological patterns, so that is another field I’m interested in.</p>
<p><strong>Youthla: In your history courses, what aspects of knowledge/abilities do you emphasize to educate the students?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Mirka Beneš:</strong> I emphasize firstly they have a very good knowledge of the physical and visual aspects of landscape that they study. So they have a fundamental training in how do you describe the design of landscapes, what words will you use. Secondly I emphasize that they think about contexts. I require of them always to think of picturing the design of the landscape that they are studying in a broader context that has something to do with the social issues, economic and cultural issues as well as new technicalogical developments. I think the notion of situation, of situating designed landscapes in broader but specific contexts, is very important. Thirdly, I ask them to be very rigorous in their research such as graphical bibliographical research and readings. They often have to do some annotated bibliographies, and to show in writing how each book or article that they read contributes to their study. Therefore, we ask them to write quite a few papers to lead them to put their ideas into words also. At the same time, I also want them to draw by hand. Because now everything is produced by computer, so they often have difficulties in drawing properly. This will be very good practice, because if they draw a garden or landscape, they will really know it through representing every line with their hands. Another important ability they should have is what I call the conceptual framework – methodological or theoretical framework with which to look at the design of landscape. They need to have a range of approaches, for example from what I said earlier: the historian of landscape architecture needs now to bring in the full range of approaches, from geography, sociology, ecology and science, and history to the study of art. And I ask them to be aware of the methods they are using.</p>
<p><strong>Youthla: In China, I find a phenomenon that some students and designers of landscape architecture always don’t think highly of historical knowledge, especially the traditional Chinese gardens. I wonder whether a big reason is that we don’t really know how to get design knowledge from it. How do you think about this, and could you give some suggestions to the students and young designers about how to study histories?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Mirka Beneš:</strong> I think that historical works are very valuable, and I also emphasize that to my students. Some of them are interested in the past, and many others aren’t. They like the contemporary languages that are used today. I think that the past is important because it has traditions of design languages that give students both precedents to study and examples of how the configuration of design elements comes together, the elements of the design language—this is what I call a concept of “rehearsal,” with the student studying the synthetic process of how the elements and contexts come together in a design. It means that when we look at a design of landscape in the past, in a specific artistic or cultural tradition, an original tradition, we see how conceptually the works came together, how the design language evolved. And that adds the sense of how they come together in relationship with context to evolve a model synthetically. Landscape architecture today is very synthetic, in the sense of art, technical, ecological, physical material, conceptual, social and all kinds of connections and contexts. Therefore, given the distance to the past, the early traditions in history are separate from us and in their ways are almost easier to look at.</p>
<p>For the phenomenon you talked about in China, I think it’s a good way to students in China to draw the traditional Chinese landscape. If they are able to draw them, and through drawing them, then they began to understand how fundamental the historical design language is and how the earlier contexts were at their time. At the same time, I think it’s important to know the social background of the historic works. I just use the concept of “rehearsal” – to rehearse how the earlier things came together. You know about the social background of designed landscapes, the people who used them, as well as the larger infrastructure of the society – it was, historically, about process, and it still is about process.</p>
<p><strong>Youthla: You emphasize on studying and researching landscape architecture by visiting the sites of past works and experiencing them personally. What roles does site visits play in your historical research of landscape architecture?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Mirka Beneš:</strong> Site visits play an extremely important role in my historical research of landscape architecture, probably the most important element in my research. There is nothing as informative and meaningful as carefully going through and studying the site. On site, I get many ideas, get a sense of the scale of the site and the designed landscape, and get a sense of how I (and others) perceive it and walk through it. I often go to the historical site with xeroxes of historical plans and prints of it&#8211;so that I can compare these to what exists on the site today. I walk through the site several times, and I photograph it at different times of day, in different light. The historical site may have many layers of change over time, so one needs to examine it very carefully, in order to understand those layers.</p>
<p><strong>Youthla: Many of us young landscape architects don&#8217;t know how to look and think during the site visits except for taking photographs. Therefore, what aspects should they pay attention to while visiting some famous landscape works?</strong></p>
<p><strong>Prof. Mirka Beneš:</strong> The young landscape architect should explore the different ways in which the site can be perceived and be walked through. She or he should &#8220;measure&#8221; the site by pacing it&#8211;by counting the feet of its length, or the length of parts ot it, to get a sense of scale. The young landscape architects should carry with them plans or maps of the site, and xeroxes of printed views, if at all possible, so that they can get familiar with the site as it is today, compared with the historical past. Above all&#8211;they should make many drawings of the site, while visiting, and different kinds of drawings, too: plans, perspectival drawings, and details of materials and plantings. It is important to record the details of materials, because these are often overlooked; one can also photograph the details of the materials and the plantings.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>新青年与手绘表达16</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2012/02/youthla-and-hand-drawing-16/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2012/02/youthla-and-hand-drawing-16/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Feb 2012 02:42:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>风景园林新青年</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[视角]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[手绘]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[视频]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.youthla.org/?p=6098</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[风景园林新青年特邀请北京林业大学教师，清华大学博士王劲韬老师，为专业学子和从业者做出手绘表达的展示和教学。
“新青年与手绘表达”的活动将继续进展下去，王劲韬老师也会继续为同学们进行手绘表达的教学和演示。 <table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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                </td>
                <td width="116" valign="top" style="padding: 5px !important; margin: 0 !important; border-left: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important;">
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                        <img style="margin: 0 !important; padding: 2px !important; border: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important; width: 110px !important; height: 110px !important;" src="http://static.wumii.com/site_images/2011/12/07/12024310.jpg" width="110px" height="110px" /><br />
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                        <img style="margin: 0 !important; padding: 2px !important; border: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important; width: 110px !important; height: 110px !important;" src="http://static.wumii.com/site_images/2011/12/07/12024307.jpg" width="110px" height="110px" /><br />
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</table>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>风景园林新青年特邀请北京林业大学教师，清华大学博士王劲韬老师，为专业学子和从业者做出手绘表达的展示和教学。</p>
<p>“新青年与手绘表达”的活动将继续进展下去，王劲韬老师也会继续为同学们进行手绘表达的教学和演示。</p>
<p>如果你有自己的练习作品，如果你希望自己的作品能够有机会获得专业的点评，请将你的作品发送至：activity@youthla.org</p>
<h4>视频</h4>
<p><object width="672" height="450" classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"><param name="src" value="http://player.youku.com/player.php/sid/XMzU3NjI0MzE2/v.swf" /><param name="quality" value="high" /><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="sameDomain" /><embed width="672" height="450" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://player.youku.com/player.php/sid/XMzU3NjI0MzE2/v.swf" quality="high" allowscriptaccess="sameDomain" /></object></p>
<div id="attachment_6113" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6113" title="youthla-and-hand-drawing-16-1" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/youthla-and-hand-drawing-16-1.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="404" /><p class="wp-caption-text">最终效果</p></div>
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                    </a>
                </td>
                <td width="116" valign="top" style="padding: 5px !important; margin: 0 !important; border-left: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important;">
                    <a target="_blank" title="新青年与手绘表达12" style="text-decoration: none !important; cursor: pointer !important;" href="http://app.wumii.com/ext/redirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2011%2F08%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-12%2F&from=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthla.org%2F2012%2F02%2Fyouthla-and-hand-drawing-16%2F">
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                        <img style="margin: 0 !important; padding: 2px !important; border: 1px solid #DDDDDD !important; width: 110px !important; height: 110px !important;" src="http://static.wumii.com/site_images/2011/12/07/12024310.jpg" width="110px" height="110px" /><br />
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		<slash:comments>10</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>从羊皮草图到Digital diagram</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2012/02/a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2012/02/a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 20 Feb 2012 14:23:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>风景园林新青年</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[视角]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[图解]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[数字图解]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.youthla.org/?p=6082</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[摘要：当前，图解（diagram）是当代西方建筑的热点之一。也成为先锋建筑师必备炫技之一，国际先锋建筑院校对其也很重视 ,甚至有人称"GSD is graduate school of diagram"。本文通过对过往资料的收集整理，对生成类图解的发展历程进行了详细的描述，总结了几种具有代表性的生成类图解的特点，并结合自己的课程实践对当下的数字图解加以总结和评析。 <table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>摘要：当前，图解（diagram）是当代西方建筑的热点之一。也成为先锋建筑师必备炫技之一，国际先锋建筑院校对其也很重视 ,甚至有人称&#8221;GSD is graduate school of diagram&#8221;。本文通过对过往资料的收集整理，对生成类图解的发展历程进行了详细的描述，总结了几种具有代表性的生成类图解的特点，并结合自己的课程实践对当下的数字图解加以总结和评析。<br />
关键词：图解 发展过程 数字图解</p></blockquote>
<h3>一、生成类图解（diagram）的定义</h3>
<div id="attachment_6083" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 267px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6083" title="a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-01" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-01.jpg" alt="" width="257" height="195" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图1 表达性图解的典型范式</p></div>
<h4>1、图解的范畴:</h4>
<p>美国传统词典对图解（diagram）的解释意思是“为演示或解释事物整体各部分之间关系而设计的平面图、示意草图、图底或外形图” 。在建筑学中，图解最初仅仅是一种解释说明的工具，用来表示某种几何关系，进行形式研究，解释事物之间某种内在关系，或者展现建筑师的设计灵感，随着时代的发展图解具有了思考提炼的特点，同时具有与建筑信息的互动性和对话性特征，其最后出现的形式能清楚的演示事物的内在组织和关系，揭示事物的特征规律。现代图解设计的开源者彼得·埃森曼(Peter Eisenman)认为图解从功能上应当分为两类，生成性图解与表达性图解。</p>
<h4>2、表达性图解:</h4>
<p>表达性图顾名思义，其功能是为了使阅读方案的目标人群更好的理解设计的所要传达的意义，具体包括：平立剖范式图。设计说明图以及效果图。这类图解是将建筑师的自身构想转换为现实建构的重要途径。英国建筑理论学者罗宾·伊文斯（Robin Evans）曾经说过建筑师劳动所处于的特别的地方在于工作的最后结果是图而不是建筑，建筑师从不能直接利用自己头脑中的东西来实现目标，总是得通过某种中介才能实现目标，而这种中介一直都是图。画家和雕塑家，尽管也花一些时间做一些初步的草图或者模型，然而他们最终面对的都是作品本身 。可以这么说，表达类图解占据了建筑师创作后期的主要精力。</p>
<h4>3、生成性图解:</h4>
<div id="attachment_6084" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 370px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6084" title="a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-02" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-02.jpg" alt="" width="360" height="267" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图2 生成性图解的典型范式</p></div>
<p>生成性图解是本文所要讨论的重点。</p>
<p>与表达性图解的不同，生成性图解更加注重分析及演化过程，生成性图解与表达性图解的最大不同在于其先于设计，而表达性图解则后于设计。同时，生成性图解相对于表达性图解其内容因为建筑师的不同而大相径庭，有些图解甚至晦涩难懂。不具备表达“范式”的特点。最常见的生成性图解包括过程草图及生成性分析图（图2）。</p>
<p>在具体的操作过程中，生成类图解可以概括为两个步骤：（1）信息收集：主要对场地的基本条件进行整体性的描述，具体包括基地条件、红线、邻接物、高度、路网，水文地理等，在这个过程中建筑师常常退变为信息的组织者或疏导者，而将对建筑的控制力交给由图解引导的信息本身。（2）图解生成：将上有信息进行总结提炼的，进行图解生成，这个过程离不开建筑师的主观判断，因为有了这一步，生成类图解成为一种表达概念的工具而不仅是一种简单的客观组织手段。</p>
<h3>二、生成类图解的发展历程</h3>
<h4>1、出现期:</h4>
<p>图解的概念早古罗马时期就出现了，西方建筑理论史的奠基人维特鲁威提出的“维特鲁威人”就是对他所建立的建筑形式标准的图解，之后又有希·罗·宾根，弗·迪·乔奇奥，温·斯卡莫奇，以及达·芬奇等人均绘制过维特鲁威人，试图表达建筑、人体、世界之间的几何关系。而最早的生成类图解在出现在哥特晚期，也有记载是文艺复兴时期是其最早的发展期（图3），当时普遍采用的方法是用一只没蘸墨水的铁笔绘制或蚀刻在羊皮纸表面，之后再在上面用墨水浇撒，墨水方案呈现出许多层踪迹的交叠，这便是最早的生产类图解。其实这个办法一直延续到了现在，只是将当初的羊皮草图换成了现在的草图纸而已。</p>
<div id="attachment_6085" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 510px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6085" title="a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-03" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-03.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="730" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图3 文艺复兴时期的图解</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6086" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 262px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6086" title="a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-04" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-04.jpg" alt="" width="252" height="248" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图4 现代主义所倡导的功能“泡泡图”</p></div>
<h4>2、发展期:</h4>
<p>自文艺复兴进入古典主义之后，绘图（drawing）与图解（diagram）并没有严格的区分，由于古典主义强调对称、比例等因素，这时的生成类图解也更多的关注图解中的“图”，即对图本身的构图、比例等等，而将“解”的过程放置于次要地位。直到现代主义时期，由格罗皮乌斯和包豪斯的其他人士创造了“泡泡图”的图解方法，泡泡之间的安排顺序就是建筑的功能安排顺序，建筑设计首先要分析功能组成及其之间的联系，功能泡泡图正是对建筑功能组成及其关系的图解，它抽象地表达了功能及流线的关系，并作为下一步发展的抽象基础。与古典主义强调构图、比例的图解方式不同，这类图解完全运用了拓扑的图解方式，其目的在于使设计更加强调功能而舍弃古典主义所强调的构图。柯布西耶甚至认为图解应该像一种数学公式那样明确的实现其美学秩序和理性秩序。</p>
<h4>3、转变期</h4>
<div id="attachment_6087" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 363px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6087" title="a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-05" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-05.jpg" alt="" width="353" height="440" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图5 艾森曼的“分离、扭转、嵌套”的图解方法</p></div>
<p>伴随着对现代主义的质疑以及后现代主义的发展，20世纪后三十年图解理论有了新的转变。</p>
<p>彼得·埃森曼在1963年的博士论文《现代建筑的形式基础》提出了&#8221;动态图解&#8221;及&#8221;变形手段&#8221;的图解方法 。也有人称其为建筑的自治性（autonomous），埃森曼艾森曼的图解已不仅仅是停留在静态的真实条件的基础上，而是引入了动态变形操作，使得生成类图解了进一步发展.将建筑作为一个展开的事件，形式则是累积的结果。</p>
<p>艾森曼之后,格雷戈·林恩进一步发展了这种动态性。作为艾森曼的学生，林恩1999出版的作品集《动态形式》（Animate Form）中详尽阐述了数字技术应用于建筑设计的必要性和可行性。相对于艾森曼的每个设计都有比较确定的主题，林恩（提出？）更多主题，反映了对随机发生的积极和消极因素的可变性,林恩用3d软件中的粒子动画模拟场地的环境“力”，并生成根据力的作用塑造建筑形态。拓扑形，参数和时间是他图解式设计的三要素。在这个时期,生成类图解与最后的方案设计不再有明确的界限,两者变得相对一体化 。林恩和艾森曼有许多相似之处，两者都是从设计对象的背景出发，找寻自己感兴趣的切入点，将之抽象并且引入构思中，作为引导下一步设计的图解纲领。不同的是，艾森曼在找寻第一步的图解种子后，通常采用其拆解，嵌套，重复，移位，动尺等图解变形的工具，对图解单因子进行操作。而林恩在引入最初的图解因子后，通过电脑的动态程序，再输入其它的影响因子，一步步的导出最后的形态。建筑最终形体的形成由一次次影响的叠映形成，这一点其实和作为“程序”的图解法设计过程已极其相似。建筑上的每一个点都是对一次力的作用的反应。可以说林恩是后来数字生成类图解的开源鼻祖。</p>
<div id="attachment_6088" class="wp-caption alignright" style="width: 337px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6088" title="a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-06" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-06.jpg" alt="" width="327" height="249" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图6 林恩的多因子叠加图解</p></div>
<p>荷兰MVRDV事务所数字图解主要受到了林恩的启发，与林恩的图解类似，MVRDV最终的生成性图解往往不是一个因子的作用结果，而是涵盖了基地、功能、流线，甚至经济，人文，生态分析综合作用的结果。MVRDV称此方法为“数景”（Datascapes),数景的数据分析始于统计学，然后由电脑直接综合转化为可视的三维形体，成为建筑形体的草模型，为了解决这个复杂的过程，MVRDV开发了一系列如Function mixer 和Region maker等软件，这类软件可以整合若干区域内的人口、经济等信息。与林恩不同的是MVRDV在第一步就进入了多因子分析生成,而不像林恩是从主导因子到间接因子分步骤生成，无疑MVRDV的数字图解听起来似乎更加客观。</p>
<p>然而，笔者对此质疑的是，问题的出现总是带有复杂性与主次性，建筑师或者设计师在考虑解决问题的上同样带有不同的主观视角，所以无论是多因子同时分析还是先确立主导因子再分析间接因子，其过程总有偏重性，MVRDV所谓的多因子客观分析其实只是一个空口的承诺。</p>
<h3>三、数字图解的实践的指导意义</h3>
<p>2011年9月中至12月中旬，笔者参加了清华大学建筑学院景观学系与AA建筑学院联合举办的&#8221;景观都市主义joint studio&#8221;，整个studio延续了AA建筑学院landscape urbanism的教学模式：分为indexing（分析）、prototype（原型）和mesh（规划）三个步骤。indexing阶段强调对基地的条件分析，并得出主要矛盾，prototype则针对主要矛盾设计出解决矛盾的原型，最终在mesh阶段将原型加以多因子影响后放置于整个场地之中。</p>
<p>在笔者看来，整个studio其实运用数字图解的方法尝试这样一种可能——以数字化的逻辑关联，回应景观对城市化和地方性的适应，并表现出空间内在的差异性和形式上的特征，从而获得形式创造的潜能。笔者参与的设计组以亦庄为基地，在对基地的整个条件进行了全面搜集之后，以工业污染程度和基地自然汇水方式作为数字图解的两个参考因素，将其进行叠加，从而指导最终的湿地分布，即污染度越高，并且汇水面积越大的区域其湿地的排污性能应当越强（图7、8、9）。</p>
<p>数字图解的本质是动态系统分析，可以表示为将客观事物原有的信息拆解为多个不同权重的影响因子，并且根据实际的需要对权重值进行不同的设定，以此能够给提供客观的分析和多种的可能性。</p>
<div id="attachment_6091" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6091" title="a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-07" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-07.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="477" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图7 基地污染度分析</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6090" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6090" title="a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-08" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-08.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="477" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图8 基地汇水分析</p></div>
<div id="attachment_6089" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-6089" title="a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-09" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/a-study-of-generative-diagram-evolution-process-09.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="477" /><p class="wp-caption-text">图9 叠加因子后湿地密度分布结构</p></div>
<h3>四、总结</h3>
<p>生成类图解从最初的羊皮草图到今天的数字生成,其发展貌似天翻地覆，但其本质仍然具有很强的延续性，即通过客观信息进行主观提炼。应当清醒的认识到，数字生成图解虽然可以生产多种的可能性，但是不能做出最终的抉择，数字图解依然是人的主观创造行为的有益补充，终不能代替人脑的思考。因此，在数字图解的浪潮前，不被冲昏头脑，保持足够的清醒和判断。将图解的客观多样性与主观想象力相结合是一项积极而有益的工作。</p>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">参考文献</span></p>
<ol>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">Lynn，&#8221;Forms of Expression: prototherian-Functional potential of Diagrams in Architectural Design&#8221; in Lynn, G: 1998, Folds, Bodies and Blobs, Princeton Architectural Press, New York.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">李光前 图解、图解建筑和图解建筑师 学位论文，2008.1.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">虞刚 图解的力量，建筑师2004.10.北京：中国建筑工业出版社</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">虞刚 图解，世界建筑，2005.5</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">徐卫国，陶晓晨 批判的“图解”，世界建筑，2008.11</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">彼得·埃森曼 图解日志. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社 2000.5</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">宋麾君 建筑设计中的图解思维与方法概论，2006.9</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #888888;">徐卫国 世界建筑; 2006.12</span></li>
</ol>
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