编者按：美国摄影家J Henry Fair 运用高空摄影的方式，为我们呈现出一系列全景影像作品。仔细探究这些出人意表的绝美抽象画，却是道道真实的地球伤痕。明天的明天，我们的地球将何去何从？

Article Source: J Henry Fair. The Day after Tomorrow. TOPOS, VOL. 74. 2011

声明：此文章为正式授权文章，已征得摄影者J Henry Fair同意在风景园林新青年(Youth Landscape Architecture) 上发表，所有摄影作品版权归J Henry Fair所有，严禁转载。
Notice: This article is a reprinted Chinese version with the official permission of the photographer J Henry Fair. All images © J Henry Fair 2011. Do not copy without permission. For more information, visit www.IndustrialScars.com, or contact Katherine Benjamin at kb@jhenryfair.com.

看到本文的标题，读者可能首先会联想到由Roland Emmerich执导的灾难影片——《后天》。这部电影运用恢弘的电脑特效画面展现出由于自然环境破坏而引起的地球毁灭的场景。但是Henry的作品与片中震撼的画面仅有的共同点就是地球所遭受的毁灭。Henry以一种极其形象、精妙的手法记录了地球正在遭受的破坏。此类的航拍影像看起来俨然像一幅幅抽象画。而且其中的一些作品，当观看者初次观看时，他们可能感受到油画作品所具有的层次感，并且感觉那些涂层彷佛是用笔刷或是调色刀刻意涂刷上去的。只有经过细细的观摩和品位之后，观看者才可以发现暗藏于这些抽象艺术作品背后的构成元素和形式——一座座石油焦矿堆或是带状的矾土矿山。

从摄影师的角度来探究观看者的心理：对于丑陋之物，人们总是要敬而远之的。但当这些丑陋之物被隐藏于美丽的图片中而呈现时，人们则要真心诚意面对它。在这里，我们希望Henry没有高估读者对其作品的解读能力。因为相当一部分的读者仅仅是以其自身浅薄的艺术素养来品评这些图片，瞬间的感觉刺激或许就可以让他们浅尝辄止。但当他们只是仔细地审视和感受作品所直观地传达出的美感的时候，谁又能去指责他们呢？对于人类来说，其实在这些唯美的作品背后所揭示的地球的破坏过程，对于人类来说是很容易去克制的，正如，在一个工业化国家，普通民众很容易感受到现代文明给自身生活方式所带来的影响。Henry坚信：“我时常惊讶于人们依然心甘情愿的忽视他们的行为造成的不良后果，以及忽视他们面临着威胁自身健康和幸福的真正危机。我们正生活在一个放任无度的世界中。所有这些所造成的环境损毁将影响并波及于我们的子孙后代。”然而，尽管面临困境，对于唤醒那些关注他作品的人们的种种尝试，Henry一直没有放弃。如果他们中的绝大多数人能够改变了自身的生活方式，那么社会和经济体系的进步和完善将会验证如下的一段话“⋯⋯这些影像作品的目标是为了促进和倡导一种积极的消费主义——合理的开发资源，有效的保护和管理地球环境。这种策略将持续得发挥着效益。”

Houston，Texas。从休斯顿港的海上航道中打捞出来的废料被随意地丢弃在一座人工小岛上，而休斯顿的海上航道的污染源正是来自海港周边的工厂排放的各种毒剂和污染物。

Darrow. ，Louisiana。通风装置剧烈的吹动着从纸浆工厂排放出来的废料，并且将这种液体废料转变成厚厚的泡沫，这些泡沫在地表所形成的图案就是图片中展现的那样。而这家工厂所生产的纸巾和打印纸的品牌却是非常受消费者欢迎。

Coal River Mountain, Virginia。煤矿经过采掘之后，必须要用大量的水和化学制剂（这些制剂很多都是大家熟知的有毒物质）进行处理。

Coal River Mountain, Virginia。煤矿经过采掘之后，必须要用大量的水和化学制剂（这些制剂很多都是大家熟知的有毒物质）进行处理。

Darrow，Louisiana. 冶炼金属铝的过程中产生了大量的类似于“红色泥浆”的铝矾土废料，（这些废料中包含很多致污物，重金属和混杂物）。

Darrow，Louisiana. 冶炼金属铝的过程中产生了大量的类似于“红色泥浆”的铝矾土废料，（这些废料中包含很多致污物，重金属和混杂物）。

Bartow，Florida。在未经处理过的磷酸盐与硫酸混合加工的过程中，其产生的废弃液体具有放射性和酸性，并且它们会与地表水结合，进而经过循环进入地下水。

New,Roads,Louisiana。推土机在大地上留下的痕迹和在灰末废物中的黄色液体是由一座用煤炭发电厂留下来的。这个工厂每年可以生产860,640吨煤炭燃烧后的废弃物（CCW），这使得这里成为美国境内环境最糟糕的地区之一。

Geismar,Louisiana. 在这个化工厂中，挖土机正在从被排放到蓄水池的废液中挖掘废料的凝结物，并且将它们堆放在堤坝上，以提升坝体的高度，进而增加废液池的容量。

Geismar,Louisiana. 在这个化工厂中，挖土机正在从被排放到蓄水池的废液中挖掘废料的凝结物，并且将它们堆放在堤坝上，以提升坝体的高度，进而增加废液池的容量。

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笔者按：Hans-Joachim Mader博士是德国布兰登堡自然风景基金会会长，布兰登堡环境部区域规划局前局长，从政府部门退休后作为资深生态专家长期为中国提供资深专家服务。Mader博士曾多次来华指导西北、东北多个省份的生态环境改造工程，为政府提供专家咨询服务，并与国内高校合作设立研究基金、开展长期的科研活动。Mader博士欣然接受笔者的采访，希望通过我们这样一个NPO组织让更多的人了解他对中国环境问题的思考。我们非常荣幸能够在YLA这个平台上向更多的人转达这位杰出生态学家的建议。

采访对象：Dr. Hans-Joachim Mader（以下简称Mader）
采访者： 郭湧（以下简称郭）
采访时间：2010-01-17

郭：作为在中国工作的资深专家，您认为在中国您面临的最紧要的环境问题是什么？

Mader：这不是一个简单的问题，因为说到中国的环境问题，很显然不管对谁都是个非常大的任务。有很多不同的看法。其中一个方面就是决策者和公众对问题的认知程度。人们对环境问题的情况是否有足够的意识？这是个基础性的问题。因为大尺度的生态措施在中国只有得到人们的支持才能成功。我的意思是所有的人，从农民、工厂工人到高层的政治家。所以人们是否真的意识到他们的环境正在发生什么，确实是问题。

作为一个快速发展的社会，你们遇到了不同的严重生态难题。而且这些问题是与诸如气候变化和世界范围生物多样性减少等全球性问题相交叠的。因此这些不仅仅是中国本地的问题。我们面对的是非常非常复杂的情况。

我非常高兴越来越多的人开始在中国谈论生态问题，并意识到什么情况正在发生，而且在为他们的环境担忧。同时我也非常高兴地看到中国的一些非政府组织开始承担责任，发表立场而且讨论问题。

就我访问中国期间了解到的情况，在中国最紧要的问题是应对水资源的问题，从为群众提供高效的饮用水供应，到水质问题，最后是河流、湖泊以及湿地等生态系统和众多物种的栖息地中的水文问题。在未来的几年中，掌握水资源将会成为关键的生态挑战。

也许第二重要的问题是荒漠化和土地退化，这主要是由于牧场和农田的过度利用造成的。以上两者频繁地与水地过度使用相结合，尤其是在农业生产中。

空气污染是我的问题清单上仅次于荒漠化的一项，也需要快速抓紧给出答案，并采取正确的措施。

当然中国还有其他的一些环境问题，比如废物处理，以及怎样处理农村地区不断增加的垃圾。在城市里我想已经有很完善的处理系统组织，但是在农村地区我们基本上还没有解决的方法。

郭：当我们谈到环境问题时，有一种论点认为，中国仍然是一个处在其早期发展阶段的发展中国家。发达国家为了解决他们的环境问题已经经历了200年的努力。与其相比，中国需要更多的时间才能成功地解决过去几十年出现的环境问题。关于这个论点，您有什么评论吗？

Mader：支持这样的论点意味着放弃了很大的机遇。我想建议大家站在所有思想之上，就从现有的情况出发，不要用历史性的推论，不要争论，只要说“好吧，我们现在是在2010年，我们集中世界上最好的知识，从现在好好开始行动，不仅为了我们自己还为了世界上其他的人类。”

这样可能会给我们带来机会用最现代的科技应对现实的生态问题，而且这会给我们带来全世界科学家的协助。中国科学家会被看作非常有能力也很有合作精神的伙伴。他们有一些好的想法，我们也有一些，让我们先不要谈论历史和别人已经犯下的错误，让我们就从现在开始。我想这种想法会对风景园林也一样合适。世界上最大的城市将会出现在中国，所以研究全世界大城市区域广泛多样的探讨，并从中选取最好的经验，是非常值得的。对农村地区的发展也是一样，让我们看这个领域已经有的成功经验，来评价什么才是实际的、科学的建议。所以，集中世界各地的所有好主意，不要犹豫。这会给你们一个开启未来的最好起点。

郭：面对前面所提的主要环境问题时从规划设计的角度出发有什么解决途径？您有没有和风景园林师或者规划师在团队中共同合作过？能否请您结合自己的经验谈谈？

Mader：是的，在德国我有过这样的经验，但是在中国没有。在中国我是SES的专家，是自己独立工作，有一次在青海研究一条河流，我曾和另一位生态学家合作。那是个关于青海鱼类族群和河流的课题。但是在德国我有同风景园林师、规划师在露天采矿区复垦方面合作的经验。

事实上，几年前我做过这种露天采矿区的生态研究，尤其是对动物和植物轮栽问题的研究。在露天采矿区底部我设计了实验来揭示什么样的动物会在第一阶段出现，蜘蛛、甲虫和其他昆虫以及小型哺乳动物会以什么样的顺序在第一个阶段出现，和植物有什么样的互动。自然重返这些区域的过程让我着迷。后来我成为区域规划局的负责人，主要负责布兰登堡复垦计划的整体规划。

在布兰登堡的南部地区，我们有几十万平方公里的废弃露天矿场，这些地区都需要进行复垦。后来我们计划重建这些地域性风景使他们适宜休闲活动和其他活动。于是原来的矿坑将来会注满水，在布兰登堡南部形成以大湖为主的景观。这些大型湖泊对自然保育来说再合适不过了。甚至珍稀物种也可以在这些湖泊系统中找到新的栖息地。这些湖泊也许可以用来进行户外运动和休闲活动，比如散步、游泳或者划船甚至可以在湖中开建住房这可以结合风景形成很多很棒的不寻常的建筑构思。你在这些景观基础上做的所有事情就像一种试验，如果你是和很好的风景园林师合作，而且将规划的视野放宽，最终你会为这些区域找到特别棒的未来利用构想。

郭：似乎利用外溢的地下水将露天矿场改造成新的湖泊系统是这里很常见的策略之一。我觉得再过十年到二十年中国可能也会面临类似的露天矿区改造的问题。但是我们的地下水水位那么低怎么能利用地下水再造出湖泊系统呢？我想知道根据您的经验，还有没有其他的现成的方法可以用于中国的现实情况？

Mader： 存在疑问的方面之一是中国地下水水位的问题。据我了解，中国东北部地下水水位在过去几年间下降了大约30-40米。你们一个接一个的失去了地下含水层，而且为了取水还在越挖越深。这意味着不太有可能利用露天矿场矿坑造湖。然而由自然主导，让自然完成（生态恢复）工作却是个非常好的主意，而且花费很少。要让人们接受这个想法，你必须和当地的人们讨论。而且当然你需要一些过程来引导环境发展的方向，让一种野生的状态主导自然恢复的过程，就像我的基金会正在做的工作。

野生环境是自然免费送给我们的。它对很多鸟类和哺乳动物很有益，甚至还会让人观察到意想不到的物种。风景园林师应该建立一套步行和观景点组成的系统让人们享受新的野生环境。这会是一个很好的构思。

然而，根据我所掌握的知识，有一些大城市和废弃矿场离得很近。其中一些直接就在煤层的边上。这种情况使研究土壤稳定性和塌方的潜在危险成为必要。另一方面，如果在这么近的位置上有大城市坐落，就必须把人们每天从这些场地经过或者在附近休闲娱乐考虑进来。所以你的规划可能会和那些离城市非常远的场地很不一样。在那些场地更多的可能是特殊的旅游群体，乘大巴到达然后由向导带领游览。这和有大城市在附近，孩子们就在周围不受约束地玩耍的情况大相径庭。所以所有的安全问题都必须加以考虑。

郭：您是世界上第一位研究道路阻碍生态廊道的科学家。请问您能否就这个领域做些评论？

Mader：我想，生态廊道建设以及栖息地和生态系统间联系的建立在技术基础设施建设中是常见的难题。在德国这是生态学家和规划师的基本常识。对于中国来说，将这种认识引入到大型基础设施项目中，将是一项艰巨的任务。比如覆盖全国的铁轨和隧道以及高速公路等大型基础设施项目。将绿桥在规划的最初阶段就统筹考虑是非常重要的。如果在铁路或高速公路等设施建设完成之后再引入绿桥，代价将非常昂贵。

我的建议和设想是这样：中国的政府当局在建设全国规模的技术基础设施系统的同时，为它配套建设一个生态基础设施系统。如果你从整个中国的尺度考虑这件事，它是个超级巨大的挑战。但是它确实需要我们讨论。因为我非常肯定，再过不了几年，中国的人们将会意识到生态的形势，急剧减少的生物多样性。他们会开始想念以前存在的著名物种，并开始发问：“我们做错了什么？为什么再也看不到这些羚羊了？我们森林里的野猫和那些鸟都哪去了？”他们会发现它们的栖息地被分割被大型的障碍物穿插，动物们不能迁徙通过。到那时他们可能会再启动雄心勃勃和耗资巨大的工程为迁徙物种创造跨越基础设施的条件。所以在基础设施发展的开始阶段就马上开始这些工程会更加有益。

郭：Mader博士，非常感谢您接受我们YLA的采访！

Chinese Environment Issues in the View of a German Ecologist – Interview with Dr. Mader

Introduction:Dr. Hans-Joachim Mader is President of the Foundation of Natural Landscapes in Brandenburg and former Head of Department of Regional Planning (Ministry of Environment Brandenburg). After his retirement, he works as Senior Ecologist for SES (Senior Expert Services) in China. Dr. Mader traveled to China for many times working on guiding the ecological restoration programs in the provinces of northwestern and northeastern China. He also offered consultation to local governments as well as established researching foundation with the cooperation of Chinese universities for long-range scientific researches. Dr. Mader accepted our interview agreeably in the hope that this NPO would propagate his considerations to more people. It’s our honor to let more people understand the suggestions of this outstanding ecologist’s through this platform on YouthLA.

Guo：As a senior expert working in China, what do you think are the most urgent environmental problems you are facing in China?

Mader：This is not a simple question, because it’s dealing with environmental problems in China which is obviously a big task for everybody. There are very different points of view on it. One aspect is the realization of the problem among the decision makers and in the public. Is there an adequate awareness of the situation? That’s a fundamental question, because every large scale ecological approach in China will only be successful if it is supported by the people, I mean by all people from the farmers and the workers in the factories to the high ranking politicians. So, do people realize what is happening with their environment actually or not, that would be question.

As a fast developing society, you encounter different serious ecological problems. And these are mixed with global problems like climate change and a world wide loss in biodiversity. Hence it´s not only a local Chinese problem. We have a very very complex situation.

I am very glad that more and more people in China talk about the ecological problems and realize what is going on and are concerned about their environment. And I am also very glad that there is a group of NGOs in China starting to be responsible and to take position and to argue about the things.

As far as I have learned during my visits in China, the most urgent questions are dealing with water recourses, beginning with the sufficient supply of drinking water for the population, to the water quality and ending up with water in rivers and lakes and wetlands as ecosystems and habitat for a huge variety of species. The handling of water recourses will be the crucial ecological challenge in the coming years.

Maybe the second important problem would be desertification and degradation of land mostly due to overuse of pastures and other agricultural land. This is frequently combined with the excessive use of water especially in agriculture.

Air pollution would be the next on my list requiring rapid answers and corrective measures.

Of course there are several other problems in China such as waste treatment and how do people react to the increasing amount of waste in rural areas. In cities I think there is a perfect system of waste treatment organized but in rural areas we are far from any solution.

Guo: When we talking about environmental issues, one of the arguments is that, China is still a developing county on her early stage of development. Compared to developed countries, which had spent 200 years solving their environmental problems, China need more time to manage to solve all the problems having emerged in the last decades. On this point, do you have any comments?

Mader: Following this argument means to give away a big chance. I would suggest that you just step on the top of all the ecological thinking and start from this position without any historical reasoning and arguments. Just say “ok, we are now in the year 2010 and we collect the best knowledge in the world to make a very good start from now on for us and other human beings in the world.”

This will probably give us the chance to use the most modern technologies to handle the actual ecological problems and this will assure us the assistance from all scientists around the world. Chinese scientists will be regarded as competent and cooperative partners. And they have some good ideas and we have some. Let’s not talk about history and the mistakes others have made before, let’s start right now. This will be appropriate for landscape architecture as well. China will have the biggest cities of the world; it is worthwhile studying the broad variety of discussions on metropolitan development throughout the world and picks the best ideas. The same will be true for rural development, what are the actual scientific proposals, let’s evaluate the successful experiments in this field. So don´t hesitate to collect all the good ideas elaborated anywhere in the world. This will give you the best start into the future.

Guo: Are there any approaches to deal with these environmental problems in the terms of planning and design? Have you ever worked with a team formed by landscape architects or planners? Would you please talk about it according your own experiences?

Mader: Yes, in Germany I have done so, but not in China. In China I have been expert from SES (Senior Expert Services). I have been on my own. Once I worked with another ecologist dealing with a fish population problem on a river in Qinghai. But I had some experiences with landscape architects and landscape planners in Germany on the question of recultivation of open-cast mining areas.

As a matter of fact, several years ago I made some ecological studies on such open-cast-mining areas, especially on the question of animal and plant succession. On the bottom of these mining fields, I designed experiments to find out what kind of animals will arrive in the first stage and in what sequence spiders and beetles and other insects and small mammals will appear and how the vegetation would react? I was fascinated how nature came back into these areas. And later on, when I was in the position of the head of the department of regional planning, I was responsible for the planning of recultivation in Brandenburg.

In the southern part of Brandenburg, we have several thousand km2 of former open-cast mining sites that need to be reclultivated. We wanted to rebuild the regional landscape and make it a perfect use for recreation and other activities. So there will be in southern Brandenburg a landscape which is dominated by large lakes, the old peats will be filled with water later on. Some of these large lakes could be perfectly suited for nature conservation. Even rare species could find new habitats there. And it may be prepared for outdoor sports and recreation like walking, swimming and boating and even for some housing in the lakes with some beautiful and exceptional architectural ideas. All that you can do with these landscapes is as a kind of experimental field. If you work with good landscape architects and broaden your planning horizon, you end up with fantastic ideas for the future use in these areas.

Guo: It seems that refilling the open-cast mining site with ground water seepage and making them a new lake system is one of the popular strategies here. I think in 10 or 20 years, China will face the similar problems on dealing with open-cast mining sites. But how can we create such lake system with much lower ground water table? I wonder if there are any other principles or existing strategies that could be used directly in China, according your experience.

Mader: One of the problematic issues is the situation of ground water tables in China. As I understand, groundwater tables in northeast of China have been lowered in the last years around large cities for some 30-40 meters. So, you are digging deeper and deeper for water. This means that you probably have no chance to fill up the peat sites and holes with water.

However, the idea of natural succession is a beautiful idea and it’s cheap. To have it accepted, you must discuss it with the local people. And of course you need some process to initialize the direction of succession so that you can leave everything to nature and end up with wildness like we do here in my foundation.

And wildness is what nature gives for free to us. It will be helpful to many species of birds and animals, even some unexpected species which are wonderful to observe. Landscape architects should design a system of footpath and viewpoints to let people enjoy the new wilderness situation. This would be a good idea.

However according to my knowledge there are some large cities are very close to abandoned mining fields. Some of them are just bordering on the peat. This will make it necessary to study the stability of the soil and the potential danger of landslides. Additionally if you have big city so close, you must calculate for many more people walking through these areas for their local recreation. So your plans might be different to a situation where you are far away from the cities and you have a special selection of tourists coming with bus and being guided as tourists. This is quite different to the situation where you have a bordering big city with kids playing around and uncontrolled. So, all necessary safety requirements must be taken into count.

Guo: You are the first scientist in the world studying road as ecological barriers. Do you have any recommendations or critics on the development in this field?

Mader: I think the construction of ecological corridors and how to implement the linking of habitats and ecosystems are common problems when building technical infrastructure. Here in Germany this is common sense of ecologists and planners. For China it will be a big task to introduce this thinking for the large number of big infrastructural projects, like the very long rail tracks or channels and highways crossing the country. It will be very important that you include green bridges in your calculation and in your planning from the very beginning. It is much more expensive if you introduce green bridges after the railroad track or the highway has been built.

This would be my suggestion, my idea that Chinese authorities while building up the system of technical infrastructure throughout the country supplement it by a system of ecological infrastructure. So, if you think this all over china, it’s gigantic, a very big challenge. But it should be discussed because I am very sure that in a few years Chinese people will be aware of the ecological situation, the dramatic loss in biodiversity. They will miss some of the former well known species and ask questions “what did we do wrong? Why don’t we have these antelopes any more? Why don’t we have wild cats or these birds anymore in our forests?” and they will find out that their habitats are divided and intersected with big barriers and the animals can’t come through. Then they might start with very ambitions and costly programs in order to make the infrastructure permeable for migrating species. It will be much better starting right now at the beginning of the infrastructural development.

Guo: Dr. Mader, thank you so much for accepting YLA’s interview.

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