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		<title>里奥马德里——作为政治手段的风景园林</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2011/03/madrid-rio-landscape-architecture-as-a-political-means/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Mar 2011 03:08:29 +0000</pubDate>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>编者按：风景园林设计虽然经常牵扯到社会、经济、生态、艺术等多方面的因素，但似乎总是与政治无关，而本文则为我们讲述了一个发生在西班牙马德里的，作为政治选举手段的设计项目的曲折故事。</p></blockquote>
<p><span style="color: #999999;">Article Source: Christian Dobrick. Madrid Rio; Landscape architecture as a political means. TOPOS, VOL. 73. February, 2011.</span></p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">声明：此文为正式授权文章，已征得作者同意在风景园林新青年(Youth Landscape Architecture)上发表，严禁转载。</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">Notice: This article was first published in TOPOS, it is a reprinted version with the official permission of the author Christian Dobrick and West 8 urban design &amp; landscape architecture. Do not copy without permission.</span></strong></p>
<blockquote><p>The masterplan for a 120-hectare site of a reclaimed riverbank and a new urban area in the Spanish capital is based on a trilogy of key areas that provide the basic structure: a riverwalk, a large park and a project to rebuild an urban ensemble. The interventions are to restore the urban fabric.</p></blockquote>
<p>Architecture is a discipline concerned with concepts and design. As afield strongly associated with ideological and political goals it often is the subject of criticism. Many historic examples of Haussmannian proportions spring to mind. Landscape architecture, in contrast, presents itself as an innocent profession, immaculate and almost politically neutral. That is because the profession’s design elements are exclusively associated with positive aspects of nature. They are not linked with political leanings. To devise a concept for the mayoral elections of2003 in Madrid, Alberto Ruiz Gallardón used his political experience to instigate an infra-structure development project in Madrid. His ambitious proposals included the construction of more than 100 new metro stations, improvements to 43 km of orbital motorway and the development of four high-rise buildings, which would define the city’s skyline. His election campaign focused on infrastructure measures to help strengthen fundamental conditions for a thriving economy, placing the emphasis on improvements to housing and the public realm within the city. The target was to accomplish basic structural renewal for the benefit of future generations. The citizens supported Gallardón’s plans with an absolute majority, in spite of the concurrent rise in taxes to finance the projects. In the time leading up to the financial crisis, the mayor implemented the six-billion euro infrastructure development as promised within his four-year term in office. Consequently, parts of the city centre were transformed into a permanent construction site with traffic congestion reaching almost intolerable levels. In the centre, where six km of Madrid’s urban motorway were to be aligned below ground, a 120-hectare hole was dug close to the old town. At the end of the legislative period, Alberto Ruiz Gallardón had delivered his program, and a large percentage of the population expressed confidence in him. The relationship of cause and effect of the promised interventions with the financial reality and the people’s trust in an individual is unimaginable in this form in most European countries. During the construction phase of the tunnel, an international invited competition for the design of the open space on top of it was launched. The landscape architects and urban designers West 8 from Rotterdam together with a group of renowned architects from Madrid, united under the name MRIO arquitectos led by Ginés Garrido Colomero won the competition with their masterplan design for a reclaimed river bank and a new urban area.</p>
<div id="attachment_4415" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 510px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4415" title="madrid-rio-01" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/madrid-rio-01.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="707" /><p class="wp-caption-text">01: Photo Credit: West 8 urban design &amp; landscape architecture</p></div>
<p>The competition proposal is based on the 3+30 concept, founded on the idea that the 120-hectare site is developed in a trilogy of key areas that provide the basic structure: a riverwalk along the Manzanares, a large park and a project to rebuild an urban ensemble, which had been severed by the orbital motorway near the royal palace in Madrid. A series of public and private interventions were to restore and enhance the urban fabric. The sections of the project completed in time for the elections in 2007, Avenida de Portugal, Huerta de la Partida and a part of the Salon de Pinos riverwalk covered only five percent of the total site area. At the official opening of Avenida de Portugal, the mayor explained his aspiration for a concurrent development of the economy and amenity value, using the ex-ample of the new green open space on the roof of a four-lane motorway and an underground car park for 1,000 cars. After his re-election the mayor decided that all of the competition proposals should be realized within his second term in office, and he allocated a total budget of 280 million euros. Again, the project was to be financed with a loan from the municipality and repaid by the citizens over 30 years. According to Gallardón, investment in open space would repay in the long-term through improvements to the quality of the urban environment. He deliberately avoided building development on the site to help refinance the project. The design phase of the 47 sub-projects coincided with the onset of the financial crisis, which hit Spain’s construction sector particularly hard. The 80 hectares of land above the tunnel were covered with a thin layer of soil and left a visible scar within the city. At the time when the parks, boulevards and plazas were scheduled for construction, the crisis reached its peak. Implementation was cast into doubt due to the slump in income from public finances and the suspension of building projects. To honour the promise that the open spaces along the river should be completed before the elections in the spring of2011,the city decided to use grants from the so-called Plan E, the national program for subsidising the economy, to implement the work. This decision meant that construction could continue without delay and the architects were confront-ed with even tighter time schedules. Projects had to be subdivided into smaller sections to meet the criteria of the grants, which were specifically aimed to help medium-sized construction companies.</p>
<div id="attachment_4416" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4416" title="madrid-rio-09" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/madrid-rio-09.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="280" /><p class="wp-caption-text">02: The plan highlights the Arganzuela Park on the northern bank of the river. The park is the largest section of the project covering 40 hectares. The river gardens near the Puente de Toledo in the west are currently under construction.  Photo Credit: West 8 urban design &amp; landscape architecture</p></div>
<p>Salon de Pinos was opened in 2010.It is the project’s backbone, designed as a linear open space along the River Manzanares, which links existing and new urban green spaces. The theme for almost the entire area of the tunnel cover is the vegetation from the mountain region close to Madrid. Pine was chosen as the dominant species and 8,000 specimens of this resilient tree which thrives on were rock planted. The choreography of tree planting, using a pallet of pruned and shaped specimens as well as mixed and sloped planting, lent the site a natural and sculptural character, and created a botanical monument. Recently completed bridges link the Salon with the site of the proposed Arganzuela Park. In contrast to other footbridges, the two parallel bridges “Puentes Cascara” provide a shady space above the cool waters of the river, and they offer views to the city. The bridges are shaped like rough concrete domes with more than 100 thin steel cables supporting their decks. The filigree detailing of the interior is only visible on the in-side The dome-like superstructures are clad in a mosaic by the Spanish artist Daniel Canogar. The bridges are more than a part of the infrastructure – they are design elements in the park. Water is the theme of Arganzuela Park, which will constitute the largest section of the project covering 40 hectares. In contrast to the canalized river flowing deep and unreachable in its engineered bed, the park takes up the different moods of the landscapes on the Manzanares and lets visitors experience the element water. A system of streams flows through the park, and the topography is used to define spaces of different characters at their junctions. Each stream has a different character: “Rio seco”, for example, is an interpretation of dry riverbeds in the Spanish landscape, where the presence of water can be felt in all seasons. Numerous plant species help to structure the space and evoke different moods. The last sections to be implemented are the hedge gardens near the historic Toledo Bridge, Arganzuela Park and Virgen del Puerto in the north. The contract program will end with their punctual opening in April 2011, immediately before the mayor’s elections. This begs the question of what the voters might think of the politics of construction in these crisis-ridden times and how future generations will perceive the implemented measures.</p>
<div id="attachment_4417" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4417" title="madrid-rio-02" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/madrid-rio-02.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="506" /><p class="wp-caption-text">03: The paving pattern of the reconstructed Plataforma del Rey. Photo Credit: Jeroen Musch</p></div>
<div id="attachment_4418" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4418" title="madrid-rio-03" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/madrid-rio-03.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="506" /><p class="wp-caption-text">04: The paving pattern of the Avendia de Portugal reminds of cherry blossom petals. 700 cherry trees grow in the raised lawn along the avenue, which was opened in 2007. Photo Credit: West 8 urban design &amp; landscape architecture</p></div>
<div id="attachment_4419" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4419" title="madrid-rio-04" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/madrid-rio-04.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="506" /><p class="wp-caption-text">05: The Salon de Pinos comprises vibrant boulevards on both sides of the River Manzanares and is the backbone of the whole project. It opened in 2010 and now links existing and new urban green spaces.</p></div>
<div id="attachment_4420" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4420" title="madrid-rio-05" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/madrid-rio-05.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="430" /><p class="wp-caption-text">06: In their design of the riverwalk on top of the tunnel, West 8 and MRIO arquitectos interpret the vegetation from the mountain region close to Madrid. Pine was chosen as the dominant species. Photo Credit: West 8 urban design &amp; landscape architecture</p></div>
<div id="attachment_4421" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 510px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4421" title="madrid-rio-06" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/madrid-rio-06.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="667" /><p class="wp-caption-text">07: In their design of the riverwalk on top of the tunnel, West 8 and MRIO arquitectos interpret the vegetation from the mountain region close to Madrid. Pine was chosen as the dominant species. Photo Credit: Jeroen Musch</p></div>
<div id="attachment_4422" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 462px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4422" title="madrid-rio-07" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/madrid-rio-07.jpg" alt="" width="452" height="899" /><p class="wp-caption-text">08: The interiors of the dome-like structures of the two parallel bridges “Puentes Cascara” are clad in a mosaic by the Spanish artist Daniel Canogar. The mosaic patterns show people of the neighbourhood.</p></div>
<div id="attachment_4423" class="wp-caption alignnone" style="width: 684px"><img class="size-full wp-image-4423" title="madrid-rio-08" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/madrid-rio-08.jpg" alt="" width="674" height="506" /><p class="wp-caption-text">09: The “Puentes Cascara” connect the Salon the Pinos with the Arganzuela Park. Lighting along the edge of the rough concrete dome illuminates the artwork and the deck by reflection. Photo Credit: West 8 urban design &amp; landscape architecture</p></div>
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		<title>来自国际风景园林师高峰论坛现场——纽约州长岛（WEST8篇之二）</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2010/01/governors-island-west8-international-landscape-architects-summit-forum-beijing/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2010/01/governors-island-west8-international-landscape-architects-summit-forum-beijing/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 20 Jan 2010 13:51:26 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>冯潇</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[视角]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[WEST8]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[国际风景园林师高峰论坛]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.youthla.org/?p=1133</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[编者按：2010年1月12日，由北京林业大学园林学院举办的“国际风景园林师高峰论坛”在二教大报告厅举行。来自六个国家著名设计事务所——德国 topotek1、法国Catherine Mosbach、西班牙EMBT、荷兰West8、澳大利亚TERRAGRAM、美国BAM的9名设计师参加论坛并做了精彩报告。作者全程追踪并整理了这场报告会的汇报内容，同时以有趣轻松的注解与大家分享他的收获和心得。 <table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>编者按：2010年1月12日，由北京林业大学园林学院举办的“国际风景园林师高峰论坛”在二教大报告厅举行。来自六个国家著名设计事务所——德国 topotek1、法国Catherine Mosbach、西班牙EMBT、荷兰West8、澳大利亚TERRAGRAM、美国BAM的9名设计师参加论坛并做了精彩报告。作者全程追踪并整理了这 场报告会的汇报内容，同时以有趣轻松的注解与大家分享他的收获和心得。</p></blockquote>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">注：本人根据记忆整理，内容难免有误，图片质量较差，请见谅。</span></p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1137" title="west8-2-01" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-01.jpg" alt="west8-2-01" width="554" height="312" /><br />
West8介绍的第二个项目是纽约州长岛公园，这个项目的尺度就要小许多，总面积35ha。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1138" title="west8-2-02" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-02.jpg" alt="west8-2-02" width="553" height="437" /><br />
可以看到州长岛位于曼哈顿的南部，东临布鲁克林，西侧就是美国的象征——自由女神像。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1139" title="west8-2-03" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-03.jpg" alt="west8-2-03" width="554" height="384" /><br />
在州长岛上环顾四周的景象：自由女神、Manhattan、大吊桥、出海口、海鸥、热气球（ps. 拼合照片也可以如此有情趣）</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1140" title="west8-2-04" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-04.jpg" alt="west8-2-04" width="554" height="420" /><br />
州长岛现状鸟瞰，原先这个岛是属于美国军方的，上面所有的建筑都是军用。08年军方将这个岛还给了纽约州政府。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1141" title="west8-2-05" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-05.jpg" alt="west8-2-05" width="554" height="223" /><br />
这张可爱的图显示的是设计师对州长岛的总体定位——自由女神像与曼哈顿之间的绿色纽带</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1142" title="west8-2-06" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-06.jpg" alt="west8-2-06" width="554" height="439" /><br />
第一轮方案的规划地块是整个岛。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1143" title="west8-2-07" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-07.jpg" alt="west8-2-07" width="553" height="373" /><br />
然而无孔不入的开发商还是把他们的魔掌伸到了这座岛上。上图显示的是调整后的规划范围，公园的地界被裁掉了1/3左右（miss何在这里也表示了她的愤慨，全世界的甲方都一样，设计师的地位还是很被动，事务所不得已还是修改了方案，可以看出这一轮的方案从形态到功能的完整性上都不如第一轮的。）</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1144" title="west8-2-08" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-08.jpg" alt="west8-2-08" width="553" height="411" /><br />
第二轮的规划结构：1沿整个岛屿建立的环形步道和自行车道系统2历史遗迹区域3公园区域4政府纪念物5公共区域通道</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1145" title="west8-2-09" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-09.jpg" alt="west8-2-09" width="554" height="418" /><br />
下面是详细规划：岛的北部集中了大量的军事建筑，设计师将中心区块的建筑拆除，打造成为休闲大草坪。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1146" title="west8-2-10" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-10.jpg" alt="west8-2-10" width="553" height="221" /><br />
在热闹的大草地外围，用树丛打造一条通向曼哈顿的视廊。（ps. 美国人是超爱大草地，试想如果北京的草地达到了图上的使用负荷，那岂不是要踩成不毛之地）</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1147" title="west8-2-11" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-11.jpg" alt="west8-2-11" width="554" height="364" /><br />
岛中部的长廊被保留下来，作为划分岛上下两部分的过渡结构。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1148" title="west8-2-12" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-12.jpg" alt="west8-2-12" width="229" height="291" /><br />
设计师在原有建筑廊道的基础上，对拱门做了艺术化的修整。穿过幽暗的拱门，就进入了岛的南半部分。(ps. 先抑后扬！)</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1149" title="west8-2-13" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-13.jpg" alt="west8-2-13" width="553" height="313" /><br />
视野豁然开朗，拱门以南的部分设计了热闹的艺术形态花坛和开放空间作为过渡。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1150" title="west8-2-14" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-14.jpg" alt="west8-2-14" width="553" height="306" /><br />
岛的南部是公园主要的绿色区域，主创设计师的想法：把Manhattan起伏的建筑天际线延伸到岛上，在岛上形成一个绿色起伏的天际线——山体。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1151" title="west8-2-15" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-15.jpg" alt="west8-2-15" width="554" height="135" /><br />
设计师通过严谨的方式去实现这个浪漫的想法。首先通过与各种标志物比对，研究了山体的尺度，不能抢过自由女神的风头，也不能过小没有冲击力。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1152" title="west8-2-16" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-16.jpg" alt="west8-2-16" width="548" height="475" /><br />
山体的建造可以通过两种方式，1用拆除的建筑废料堆一个实山2用建筑结构架起一座山的表皮，内部作为功能性建筑使用。<br />
West8有很多好的建筑师可以实现第二种方式。当然建筑结构的造价较高。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1153" title="west8-2-17" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-17.jpg" alt="west8-2-17" width="553" height="197" /><br />
美国甲方也比较务实，他们选择了堆土山的方式。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1154" title="west8-2-18" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-18.jpg" alt="west8-2-18" width="553" height="308" /><br />
这是山体的效果图，看起来十分的夸张（ps. 如果自然式地形做成这样，在北林是要打屁股的）</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1155" title="west8-2-19" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-19.jpg" alt="west8-2-19" width="553" height="403" /><br />
刚才提到过环岛步道和自行车道系统，这里展示的是一张典型断面。由于海岸水位落差很大，West8的设计师们把自行车道设计在低处，可以被淹没。滨水步道设计在二道堤顶，这样可以有效地解决滨水地带亲水性的问题，避免产生过高的堤岸。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1156" title="west8-2-20" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-20.jpg" alt="west8-2-20" width="554" height="260" /><br />
热闹的滨水地带效果。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1157" title="west8-2-21" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-21.jpg" alt="west8-2-21" width="553" height="304" /><br />
园路系统的形态非常艺术化，设计师说是一支蝴蝶降落在岛上衍生出来的（ps. 接着忽悠），但是我们可以清晰的看出园路系统的体系——主从分明、布局合理，形态动感（最近这种线型很流行的样子，得要形式感强而且很理性的人才能做的好）。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1158" title="west8-2-22" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-22.jpg" alt="west8-2-22" width="554" height="311" /><br />
鸟瞰图</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1159" title="west8-2-23" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-23.jpg" alt="west8-2-23" width="553" height="406" /><br />
这是二轮方案的交通体系</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1160" title="west8-2-24" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-24.jpg" alt="west8-2-24" width="554" height="405" /><br />
West8为园路和铺装场地设计了充满艺术感的纹样，这些花纹都是来自于海洋生物的有机形。（抽象图案铺地已经成为West8不可或缺的设计手法）</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1161" title="west8-2-25" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-25.jpg" alt="west8-2-25" width="554" height="346" /><br />
在功能设置方面，West8的设计师对纽约人进行了随机的调研。我们可以看到以上都是普通市民对于这个公园的要求：自行车道、垒球场、音乐、散步道、风筝、谈恋爱、遮阴、绿色空间等。（民主国家要有民主思想）</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1162" title="west8-2-26" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-26.jpg" alt="west8-2-26" width="553" height="419" /><br />
于是设计师按照市民的意愿将各种功能安排到适宜的场地上。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1163" title="west8-2-27" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-27.jpg" alt="west8-2-27" width="554" height="430" /><br />
特别要提的是岛上的自行车是免费租用的。设计师经过计算，认为在岛上提供300辆自行车能够满足市民的使用，这些自行车被分散安放至公园的三个租车点，随到随用、用完即还。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1164" title="west8-2-28" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-28.jpg" alt="west8-2-28" width="554" height="422" /><br />
West8甚至专门设计了自行车！（West8有专门的工业设计师）这是荷兰总理来纽约时留下的照片。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1165" title="west8-2-29" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-29.jpg" alt="west8-2-29" width="553" height="406" /><br />
租车点的景象。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1166" title="west8-2-30" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-30.jpg" alt="west8-2-30" width="553" height="347" /><br />
我们看到强大的West8工业设计团队还为公园专门设计了围栏、座椅、餐桌等设施。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1167" title="west8-2-31" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-31.jpg" alt="west8-2-31" width="553" height="383" /><br />
公园中部绿地的剖面，上方式具体形态，下方是绿化量的图示。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1168" title="west8-2-32" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-32.jpg" alt="west8-2-32" width="553" height="402" /><br />
每座山上集中种植一种色系的植物：白（白桦）红（红枫）黄（银杏）绿（松柏）（ps. 这个设置没什么新意）</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1169" title="west8-2-33" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-33.jpg" alt="west8-2-33" width="554" height="362" /><br />
植物景观的效果</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1170" title="west8-2-34" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-34.jpg" alt="west8-2-34" width="554" height="318" /><br />
山体效果（这就是我们常常批判的包子山，看来西方设计师对于山体的理解还是比较不一样，也许他们不会画自然式等高线吧，建议来北林补补课。）</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1171" title="west8-2-35" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-35.jpg" alt="west8-2-35" width="553" height="236" /><br />
山体外围还有大面积的开放空间，可以承载各种活动。效果图中打垒球的小孩原本只有四个，最右边的小女孩是甲方强烈要求补上的，不然公示时容易受到妇女组织的批判：）</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1172" title="west8-2-36" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-36.jpg" alt="west8-2-36" width="554" height="402" /><br />
岛的最南端地势平坦，常有大浪拍打在堤岸上溅起高高的水花。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1173" title="west8-2-37" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-37.jpg" alt="west8-2-37" width="553" height="397" /><br />
于是设计师因势利导将这里设计成一块湿地。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1174" title="west8-2-38" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-38.jpg" alt="west8-2-38" width="553" height="314" /><br />
然而甲方还嫌草地不够（看来美国人民对于大草地的需求是无穷的），于是湿地的面积被缩小，其余的成为了草地。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1175" title="west8-2-39" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-2-39.jpg" alt="west8-2-39" width="554" height="312" /><br />
远眺自由女神！</p>
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		<slash:comments>11</slash:comments>
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		<title>来自国际风景园林师高峰论坛现场——WEST8篇</title>
		<link>http://www.youthla.org/2010/01/west8-international-landscape-architects-summit-forum-beijing/</link>
		<comments>http://www.youthla.org/2010/01/west8-international-landscape-architects-summit-forum-beijing/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 17 Jan 2010 11:20:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>冯潇</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[视角]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[WEST8]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[国际风景园林师高峰论坛]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.youthla.org/?p=1079</guid>
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    </tr>
</table>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>编者按：2010年1月12日，由北京林业大学园林学院举办的“国际风景园林师高峰论坛”在二教大报告厅举行。来自六个国家著名设计事务所——德国topotek1、法国Catherine Mosbach、西班牙EMBT、荷兰West8、澳大利亚TERRAGRAM、美国BAM的9名设计师参加论坛并做了精彩报告。作者全程追踪并整理了这场报告会的汇报内容，同时以有趣轻松的注解与大家分享他的收获和心得。</p></blockquote>
<p><span style="color: #888888;">注：本人根据记忆整理，内容难免有误，图片质量较差，请见谅。同时，非常感谢北京林业大学王向荣教授和他的团队所作的卓有成效的工作，能够邀请众多国际著名的事物所赴京参加交流论坛。此次论坛可谓众星云集，下面选择了感触较深的事务所——West8的汇报与大家共同分享。</span></p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1080" title="west8-01" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-01.jpg" alt="west8-01" width="398" height="272" /><br />
荷兰WEST8设计师：何以纯</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1081" title="west8-02" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-02.jpg" alt="west8-02" width="414" height="304" /><br />
首先何女士介绍了West8的概况，West8是由Adrian Geuze1987年在荷兰创建的城市规划和景观设计公司。它以现代化设计和对城市规划问题的创新性解决闻名。目前事务所有4个合伙人，7个项目经理，60位设计师（以建筑师居多，还有一些规划师和景观师）。公司在鹿特丹、布鲁塞尔、纽约和多伦多设有办事处。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1082" title="west8-03" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-03.jpg" alt="west8-03" width="414" height="304" /><br />
这是West8在鹿特丹的事务所总部，门前是他们引以为豪的充气奶牛。事务所的高伊策（Adrian Geuze）认为荷兰最富地域特征的景观，就是填海形成的平坦且一望无垠的农田，在这些绿色的背景中，黑白相间的奶牛格外显眼，于是他就把这个形象提炼出来设计了这个充气牛，并且把它拉到各国去展览。（ps.有看过West8作品集的同学一定会认出此人）</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1083" title="west8-04" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-04.jpg" alt="west8-04" width="414" height="304" /><br />
事务所的建筑临近一条大河，视野开阔，偶尔可以看到巨大的游轮在河道里游弋（ps. 完美的工作环境啊，看一眼就很舒畅）</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1084" title="west8-05" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-05.jpg" alt="west8-05" width="414" height="304" /><br />
言归正传，下面何女士将具体的介绍三个项目，尺度上从区域规划到具体的景观桥的设计。第一个项目是尺度非常大的一个景观总规。这个项目位于西班牙马略卡岛，是一个度假海滨及周边的景观规划。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1085" title="west8-06" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-06.jpg" alt="west8-06" width="428" height="292" /><br />
西班牙马略卡岛，在欧洲相当于中国的海南岛，是一个人气非常旺的度假海岛，每当夏季就会有大量的游客来到这里的海滩上游泳和度假。由于这里离德国很近，所以游客中有很大一部分是德国人，何女士特意说了一下德国人给这座岛带来的影响：许多乱糟糟的啤酒街和大腹便便的醉汉。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1086" title="west8-07" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-07.jpg" alt="west8-07" width="419" height="305" /><br />
这座岛屿上有着丰富的自然资源和山林景观，岛上现存大片的松林。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1087" title="west8-08" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-08.jpg" alt="west8-08" width="419" height="315" /><br />
这是拥挤而杂乱的海滨现状，海滨带后方就是大量凌乱缺乏规划的度假旅馆。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1088" title="west8-09" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-09.jpg" alt="west8-09" width="429" height="329" /><br />
设计师对于现状的总结：单调、廉价、平庸</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1089" title="west8-10" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-10.jpg" alt="west8-10" width="549" height="409" /><br />
规划方案根据总体现状的情况，将全部地块分为7大主题区域：1地中海风情区；2已退化自然恢复区；3宁静的海滩和新的购物大道区；4伟大的海滨公园区；5采石场花园和松林；6松林峡谷；7休闲海岸。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1090" title="west8-11" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-11.jpg" alt="west8-11" width="554" height="419" /><br />
在海滨和旅馆带之间，规划了一条快轨连接各个区块以及城市中心。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1091" title="west8-12" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-12.jpg" alt="west8-12" width="553" height="410" /><br />
同时还规划了自行车道路体系，主要由一条滨海线和若干连接线组成。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1092" title="west8-13" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-13.jpg" alt="west8-13" width="554" height="422" /><br />
1地中海风情区</p>
<p>这是第一个区块的用地现状鸟瞰。可以看到高速路匝道的大片绿化带，在海滨沙滩后紧邻的就是大量度假旅馆。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1093" title="west8-14" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-14.jpg" alt="west8-14" width="554" height="413" /><br />
设计师认为这个区块存在的主要问题：1紧邻沙滩的大量度假旅馆破坏了海岸的景色；2高速路阻断了通往海滨的交通。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1094" title="west8-15" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-15.jpg" alt="west8-15" width="553" height="420" /><br />
对策：1在沙滩与度假建筑之间建立绿化景观带；2通过立体交通将道路引入海滩地带</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1095" title="west8-16" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-16.jpg" alt="west8-16" width="553" height="420" /><br />
通过在沙滩与度假建筑之间建立绿化景观带，将生硬而且了无生机的建筑遮蔽在树丛中，极大的改善了海滩的景观品质。同时，绿化景观带还能够提供多种休闲的功能。那个肥胖的男人的雕塑是主创设计师的创意，实际上是在讽刺那些大腹便便的人，设计师本以为这个雕塑不会被认可，只想在汇报时拿来活跃气氛，没想到这个创意竟然被通过了。（ps. 赞下西班牙甲方的幽默感）</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1096" title="west8-17" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-17.jpg" alt="west8-17" width="553" height="420" /><br />
2已退化自然恢复区</p>
<p>第二个区块的用地现状鸟瞰，这个区块有一片湿地。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1097" title="west8-18" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-18.jpg" alt="west8-18" width="553" height="412" /><br />
设计师认为应该在湿地现状的基础上建立一个公园，并且将公园的范围延伸至海滩。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1098" title="west8-19" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-19.jpg" alt="west8-19" width="553" height="285" /><br />
于是他们设计了一个非常热闹的湿地公园。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1099" title="west8-20" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-20.jpg" alt="west8-20" width="553" height="419" /><br />
3宁静的海滩和新的购物大道区</p>
<p>第三个区块现状鸟瞰，这个地块现存大量的酒店建筑。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1100" title="west8-21" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-21.jpg" alt="west8-21" width="549" height="415" /><br />
设计师认为这个地块存在两大主要问题：1旅馆建筑后方的街区比较破陋；2沙滩前的滨海车行道严重干扰了海滩的气氛。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1101" title="west8-22" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-22.jpg" alt="west8-22" width="554" height="398" /><br />
对策1：改造旅馆街区，形成一条新的购物大道。街道中央是快轨，快轨周边的环境进行了充分的绿化，轨道周边设计绿地，还设计大量立体的爬藤架。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1102" title="west8-23" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-23.jpg" alt="west8-23" width="553" height="204" /><br />
对策2：临近沙滩的机动车道改线，修整原道路成为滨海绿化景观带，景观带仅限自行车和步行，打造一片安静宜人的海滩。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1103" title="west8-24" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-24.jpg" alt="west8-24" width="549" height="420" /><br />
4伟大的海滨公园区</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1104" title="west8-25" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-25.jpg" alt="west8-25" width="549" height="420" /><br />
设计师在这个区块主要打造:1海滨公园；2通往海滨的主要交通线沿线景观；3忘了&#8230;&#8230;</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1105" title="west8-26" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-26.jpg" alt="west8-26" width="553" height="374" /><br />
滨海公园是整个海滩最重要的休闲空间，从旅馆到沙滩分为几个层次：方便的底层商铺（餐饮、零售、更衣）、快轨（方便人流进入海滩）、绿化景观带（独具西班牙地方特色的景观形象）、沙滩（最吸引游人的地方）。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1106" title="west8-27" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-27.jpg" alt="west8-27" width="554" height="371" /><br />
滨海公园标准段</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1107" title="west8-28" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-28.jpg" alt="west8-28" width="551" height="407" /><br />
我们来看看West8的设计师是如何艺术化的发扬地域特征的。上图是西班牙随处可见的建筑拱圈结构，设计师将这种结构以密植的大型棕榈树再现在室外环境中。海洋的气氛也不可或缺，设计师从珊瑚那里找到了形式的灵感，设计出独特的有机形图案铺装。（ps. West8总是愿意去尝试有趣的地面铺装图案）</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1108" title="west8-29" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-29.jpg" alt="west8-29" width="553" height="480" /><br />
这两种元素组合起来形成了独具特色的绿化景观带。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1109" title="west8-30" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-30.jpg" alt="west8-30" width="553" height="347" /><br />
热带风情海岸的气息扑面而来。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1110" title="west8-31" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-31.jpg" alt="west8-31" width="554" height="419" /><br />
5采石场花园和松林</p>
<p>这个区块现存一片很大面积的松林。另外还有三块采石场废弃地。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1111" title="west8-32" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-32.jpg" alt="west8-32" width="553" height="414" /><br />
主要现状问题：1采石场废弃地；2缺乏一条直达海滩的步行大道；3松树林与海岸相互隔离。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1112" title="west8-33" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-33.jpg" alt="west8-33" width="554" height="420" /><br />
对策：1将采石场改造成为休闲花园2设计一条林荫大道直达海滩边缘。3延伸松林直至沙滩，并且在林中修建步行道系统，建造生态公园</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1113" title="west8-34" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-34.jpg" alt="west8-34" width="554" height="316" /><br />
采石场外围修建休闲建筑，如旅店、会所、音乐厅、剧场、酒吧等。内部在采石废弃地的基础上进行景观改造，形成独具特色的花园。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1114" title="west8-35" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-35.jpg" alt="west8-35" width="554" height="389" /><br />
一个采石花园的断面，可以看到，休闲建筑的设计延续了采石场层级式的肌理。（ps. 很提气的建筑设计，像是从土里长出来一样），内部是下沉式的花园。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1115" title="west8-36" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-36.jpg" alt="west8-36" width="553" height="287" /><br />
花园内部景观，设计师保留了一些采石遗留下的断层。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1116" title="west8-37" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-37.jpg" alt="west8-37" width="548" height="414" /><br />
区块规划鸟瞰，可以看到贯通至海边的林荫大道，以及延伸后的松林。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1117" title="west8-38" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-38.jpg" alt="west8-38" width="553" height="421" /><br />
6松林峡谷</p>
<p>此区块现存一片较大的松林，林中有一条水泥硬化的泄洪渠直通海岸。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1118" title="west8-39" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-39.jpg" alt="west8-39" width="553" height="417" /><br />
对策：1松林区块建设生态公园2改造泄洪渠成为景观步道3在滨海区域设计绿化带。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1119" title="west8-40" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-40.jpg" alt="west8-40" width="554" height="418" /><br />
泄洪渠的端头设计成为重要的景观节点，可以看出是一个摹纹花坛花园，泄洪渠正对的海中还设计了大型雕塑作为景观标识物。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1120" title="west8-41" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-41.jpg" alt="west8-41" width="549" height="421" /><br />
原有泄洪渠改造成为景观步道，旱时可以通行，雨季则成为水渠。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1121" title="west8-42" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-42.jpg" alt="west8-42" width="553" height="411" /><br />
这条泄洪渠贯穿了整个区块。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1122" title="west8-43" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-43.jpg" alt="west8-43" width="553" height="418" /><br />
另外，由于大量无序和没有节制的开发，这个区块的旅店已经饱和，经济危机中有许多已经倒闭。设计师调研了这些旅馆的运营情况，决定拆除一些倒闭的酒店作为街头绿地，改善区域内部环境的质量。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1123" title="west8-44" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-44.jpg" alt="west8-44" width="553" height="418" /><br />
通过拆除建筑形成的街头绿地。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1124" title="west8-45" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-45.jpg" alt="west8-45" width="554" height="392" /><br />
最后一个区块7休闲海岸</p>
<p>这个地块原本不在规划范围里，当这个地块的居民听说旁边的海岸要重新整治规划后，强烈要求把这部分加入到规划地块中区（ps：寒&#8230;&#8230;民主国家）。</p>
<p>该地块已经没有了沙滩，现状多为礁石丛生的海岸，海岸后方多为高档的别墅区。</p>
<p>设计师认为此处环境比较原生态，没有必要大动干戈。于是在礁石海岸中加入了一条自行车道、滨海步道以及若干景观桥，串联海岸景观。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1125" title="west8-46" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-46.jpg" alt="west8-46" width="551" height="398" /><br />
礁石海岸景观。</p>
<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1126" title="west8-47" src="http://www.youthla.org/wp-content/uploads/west8-47.jpg" alt="west8-47" width="553" height="288" /><br />
总平面</p>
<p>这个方案听下来，感觉受益匪浅，West8的设计思路非常清晰，对于大尺度景观把握准确。他们的方案强调理性的分析，从大量的现状调研出发，准确的发掘地块的问题以及可以利用的优势，制定有针对性的景观方案。当然，理性的工作步骤并没有影响他们浪漫的设计情怀，我们可以在他们的方案里看到各种有趣的创意，大腹便便的男人雕塑和鬼马星空的铺装纹样。我深深的感到他们在设计时所拥有的那种乐趣，这是创作所带来的一种发自肺腑的快乐，这种感觉是我本人久违的了。</p>
<p>可以说West8拥有一个相当强大的设计团队，他们是一群热情而且严谨的建筑师、规划师和景观师，从他们完成的作品中，我们可以感受到这个团队的激情和才华。国内拥有这样配置的设计院不在少数，然而不知是体制的问题、思维被禁锢或是国人品味的问题，我所看到的国内设计院大多死气沉沉，循规蹈矩，设计师们被迫像机器一样日夜兼程，疲于赶图。而当激情和创想被打压、被磨灭，我们的设计只剩下复制、粘贴了。</p>
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