创意自然

撰文(美)克莱尔·雅戈布森
Text by Clare JACOBSON (US)

当今，人类与自然不和谐、不符合自然规律的关系普遍存在。从农业砍伐森林、筑坝发电，到工业污染物充斥的空气，这些互动往往意味着破坏。即使破坏性的干预措施被更富有创意的措施取代，这种不和谐仍然存在。纵观整个世纪——日本龙安寺、中国拙政园、法国凡尔赛宫、英国邱园、美国中央公园、盖蒂花园和西班牙奎尔公园，它们当初的设计并不是为了对原有环境的赞颂和珍视，而是作为设计者对景观理论和思想的实验以及对当时田园象征手法如何实现的思考。自然不仅在物理方面被改变，同时也在人们精神层面上被影响着，使自然变得不再自然，不再和谐 。正如西蒙·沙玛（Simon SCHAMA）在《景观与记忆》（Landscape and Memory）一书中说到：“景观和人们的联系是密不可分的，自然决定着人类的性质，同时人类也决定着自然的发展方向。”

创意园

“创意自然”接受自然与人类不和谐，不符合自然规律的既有关系作为新景观设计的基础。它通过人们对景观干预可能性的最大化，尝试重新定义我们周边环境。这次项目表现了人们对于“创意自然”的众多看法和回应，展示了当代景观相当自由和宽广的话语范围。在设计作品中着重探讨的议题包括土地与水的联系，对大自然的感知，区域特性重新营造，自然与文化的关系，人类工程作为对自然图层的叠加，自然现象作为景观装置表达形式和生态可持续性等。

创意园是主题为“天人长安，创意自然”的2011年西安世界园艺博览会一重要项目，它是在南加州大学建筑学院院长马清运指导下，由该建筑学院中国学院协调人Paul Tang策划完成的。创意园占地面积10000m2，邀请来自全球顶尖的10所大学机构设计，分别是伦敦建筑学院、美国哥伦比亚大学、中国台湾逢甲大学、香港大学、北京大学、阿根廷托尔夸托迪特加大学、加州大学柏克利分校、中国澳门圣约瑟大学、美国南加州大学及多伦多大学。

这些大学的学生设计通过对中国古典园林历史的借鉴，对当地现场条件状况，植物资源的回应以及游客在文化层面上的积极参与来体现他们对于这块地处六朝古都的特殊场地的回应。西安园艺博览会的大学创意园现在已经动工，并预计于2011年4月28日至10月22日对公众开放。同时，建造好的创意园将作为永久保留地，切实改善西安的居民生活。“创意自然”或许会在100年以后在书本中被大家传颂和讨论，或许在10年后就被人们遗忘。但是，这些设计无疑给人们对于不断参悟和理解人类与自然之间关系提供了一个非常宝贵的设想和机会。

There is something rather unnatural about humans’ interaction with nature. From clearing forests for agriculture, to damming water for electricity, to filling air with industrial pollutants, this interaction has often meant destruction. Even when destructive interventions are replaced with creative ones, a disconnection remains. Gardens throughout the centuries—the Ryoan-ji Zen Garden,the Humble Administrator’s Garden, the Gardens of Versailles, Kew Gardens, Central Park, Park Guell, and the Getty Garden—were not designed as loving tributes to existing environments but instead as laboratories of landscape theory, idyllic symbols of the thinking of their times. Nature becomes unnatural not only when it is physically altered, but also when it is mentally appropriated. As Simon SCHAMA wrote in Landscape and Memory, landscapes are inextricably tied to the myths we associate with them. Mankind has been shaped by nature as much as it has shaped nature.

“Creative Nature” accepts the unnatural union of nature and mankind as a basis for new garden design. It celebrates the possibilities that human

intervention allows in redefining our surroundings. These projects offer a variety of responses to the call for a creative nature, showing the range of contemporary landscape discourse. Subjects found in the work include the connection and disconnection of land and water, the sensory experience of nature, reproduction of regional identity, nature’s relationship to culture, construction as overlay onto nature, natural phenomena as formmaking devices, and ecological sustainability.

The World University Park is designed for the 2011 Xi’an World orticultural Exposition, whose theme is Eternal Peace & Harmony between

Nature & Mankind. It is curated by Professor Paul Tang, USC AAC Academic Coordinator under the direction of Dean Ma Qinyun, University of Southern California, School of Architecture.The expo administration set aside 10,000 square meters of manmade garden space for a Xi’an World University Park to feature these designs from ten major international universities: the Architectural Association, Columbia University, Feng Chia University, Hong Kong University, Peking University, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, University of California Berkeley, University of Saint Joseph, University of Southern California, and University of Toronto.

All these projects respond to their site in the ancient capital of China through references to Chinese garden history, through responses to local site conditions and plant sources, and through cultural engagement of the visitors.

The landscape designs are currently under construction and are scheduled to open at the 2011 Xi’an World Horticultural Exposition on 28 April 2011.

The exposition runs through 22 October 2011, but these specific gardens will be permanent landscapes in Xi’an. As representatives of a historical moment in landscape architectural thought, Creative Nature may be discussed in textbooks 100 years from now or forgotten 10 years from now. But its ideas will doubtlessly lead to the next set of ideas in our ever-expanding understanding of mankind’s relationship with nature.

作者简介：

克莱尔·雅戈布森毕业于宾夕法尼亚大学建筑系，获建筑学士学位。她曾在普林斯顿建筑出版社工作21年，共策划编辑出版120本有关建筑、平面设计、风景园林、摄影和视觉文化的书籍，曾合作撰写Karlssonwilker公司的《告诉我为什么》、《一家纽约设计公司的前24个月》，并为《建筑实录》、《城市周末·家居与办公室》写稿。现居于上海，是一位设计作家、编辑和策展人。

Biography:

Clare JACOBSON is a Shanghai-based design writer, editor, and curator. As an editor at Princeton Architectural Press for 21 years, she originated, acquired, and developed more than 120 books on architecture, graphic design, landscape architecture, photography, and visual culture.

She co-authored Karlssonwilker Inc.’s Tell Me Why: The First 24 Months of a New York Design Company and has written articles for Architectural Record and City Weekend Home & Office. She received a BS and BArch in Architecture from Penn State University.