Mimic Nature to Manage Stormwater
撰文（美国） 李明翰
Text by Ming-Han LI (US)
翻译 邱慧
Translation by QIU Hui
校对 杨云峰
Proofreading by YANG Yun-feng
我的学术研究兴趣集中于城市和郊区景观背景下的雨洪水质和水量管理，由德州运输部资助的生物滞留研究与我的研究方向不谋而合。《生物滞留系统对城市公路径流的治理作用：有无内部蓄水层设计的对比研究》的集体著作权体现了多学科知识对研究的贡献。成赞镛（Chan Yong Sung）博士是一名具有规划背景的环境科学研究者，而朱宫慧博士和金明希（Myung Hee Kim）女士皆为环境工程师。
自20世纪80年代后期以来,“生物滞留”已演变成为最新的雨水最佳管理实践（BMP）。乔治王子县的《生物滞留手册》是生物滞留相关文献中引用率最高的参考文献，该手册于1993年首次出版，并于2002年进行了修订[1]。在马里兰州乔治王子县建造了第一个生物滞留工程后，一些研究已经对其进行绩效评价。一般有三种类型的测试[2]：（1）批次和柱试验；（2）引导测试；（3）现场试验。
批次和柱试验是实验室规模测试，在受控的实验室环境中进行，通常是对物理化学特性进行测验。引导测试是在实验室环境中进行的大规模的实验测试，也是研究不同条件和变量的重要步骤。现场试验包括设计、建造和监测全面的生物滞留最佳管理实践。这种类型的测试需要多学科的方法，成本较高，监测时间较长，因此，并没有被广泛地运用[3]。我们的研究经过了引导测试和现场试验，论文呈现的研究结果来自引导测试——通过运用引导测试的结果，在德州高速公路边建立了一个示范项目，并不断监测场地情况。
美国环境保护署（USEPA）正在倡导，在所有发展项目中运用生物滞留BMP和其他现场雨洪管理技术，并称这种做法为“低冲击开发（LID）”[4]。低冲击开发的本质是仿效自然的雨洪管理最佳办法。设计应该鼓励现场处理雨洪，并允许产生的径流就地渗透。虽然方法成熟且被证明是可行的，但仍然还有许多需要研究以及进一步证明的地方。我们研究调查了炎热干旱地区（如德州的大部分地区）的生物滞留系统性能，这是对该领域的独特贡献。我们研究的另一个重要性是我们的研究是在公路旁进行的，而不是人们常见的住宅和商业区域。
作为可实现的技术措施，雨洪管理是一门由科学驱动的应用，也是美国法规对实践的要求。这样的结局是来之不易的，并且经历了漫长的过程。从1936年的洪水控制法到1972年的清洁水法案，美国用了将近一个世纪来启动立法，才达到如今规模，其中包括建设施工期间以及施工后的排放水质和水量的控制[3]。这个过程从来没有停止过，并仍在继续。正如，美国环保局在2009年施工现场雨洪最终排放指导规章中发布了一系列的排污限制[5]。这意味着未来施工现场的排放不仅是干净还要清澈。
我以身为一名研究人员和教育家直白阐述我的使命，这也说明了我的生物滞留研究的目的。我的使命是提供科学知识，设计工具和可行的解决方案来创建人类和环境之间有意义的、和谐的连接。我相信在建筑与自然环境之间的成功管理将通过生态、工程、经济和审美等各方面的综合考量来实现。我的研究目标是推进风景园林学科的知识基础，填补风景园林和其他学科之间的缝隙，并将我的研究成果全面的融入到教学中去。这就是我的生物滞留研究。
参考文献：
[1]Prince George’s County. Bioretention Manual[M]. Prince George’s County, MD: Dept. of Environmental Resources, Programs & Planning Division, 2002.
[2]Li M-H, Dvorak B, Sung CY. Bioretention, Low Impact Development, and Stormwater Management. In: Aitkenhead-Peterson J, Astrid V (Eds.), Urban Ecosystem Ecology[M]. Agronomy Monograph 55. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, 2010, 413-430.
[3]Hunt WF, Jarret AR, Smith JT, Sharkey LJ. Evaluating Bioretention Hydrology and Nutrient Removal at Three Field Sites in North Carolina[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 2006, 132(6): 600-608.
[4]Low Impact Development (LID) Homepage. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency[EB/OL] [2011-12-20]. www.epa.gov/owow/NPS/lid/.
[5]Construction and Development Homepage. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency[EB/OL] [2011-12-20]. water.epa.gov/scitech/wastetech/guide/construction/index.cfm.
作者简介：
李明翰/美国德州农工大学风景园林专业硕士和博士/德州农工大学风景园林与城市规划系副教授及副系主任/德州注册风景园林师和专业工程师/台湾大学农业工程学士/德州大学奥斯汀分校土木工程专业硕士/风景园林设计教育理事会第二副主席/美国风景园林师协会成员/风景园林与环境设计委员会、美国国家科学院交通研究委员会成员
译者简介：
邱慧/1982年生/女/中南大学土木工程学院博士生/美国新墨西哥大学风景园林硕士/YouthLa志愿者翻译组组长
校对简介：
杨云峰/1981年生/博士/南京林业大学风景园林学院讲师/美国密歇根州立大学访问学者/本刊特约编辑/YouthLA核心编辑（南京 210037）
My research and scholarly interests are focused on stormwater quality and quantity management in the context of urban and suburban landscapes. The bioretention research funded by the Texas Department of Transportation fits my research mission and interest well. It demands knowledge and expertise from multi-disciplines, which is reflected in the collective authorship of the paper. Dr. Chan Yong Sung is considered an environmental scientist with a planning background, while Dr. Kung-Hui Chu and Ms. Myung Hee Kim are both environmental engineers.
Bioretention has evolved to become the latest stormwater best management practice (BMP) since the late 1980s. Prince George’s County’s “Bioretention Manual” is a most cited reference in bioretention-related literature. The manual was first published in 1993 and later revised in 2002 (Prince George’s County, 2002). After the first bioretention project was built in Prince George’s County, Maryland, several studies have been conducted on performance evaluation. There are generally three types of testing (Li et al. 2010): 1 batch and column testing, 2 pilot testing, and 3 field testing. Batch and column testing is bench scale testing and conducted in a controlled laboratory setting, typically for physical-chemical characteristics. Pilot testing is a large-scale experiment conducted in a laboratory setting, an important step to study different conditions and variables. Field testing includes designing, constructing, and monitoring full-scale bioretention BMPs. This type of testing requires multi-disciplinary approach, higher costs, and longer periods of time for monitoring, and therefore, has not been widely conducted (Hunt et al., 2006). Our research began with laboratory pilot testing, followed by field experiments. Results presented in the paper were from the pilot testing. We have taken the pilot testing results to build a demonstration project on a Texas highway roadside, and are currently monitoring and measuring the field performances.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is advocating bioretention BMPs and other on-site stormwater management techniques for all developments and calls such practice “Low Impact Development (LID)” (Low Impact Development Homepage 2011)4. The essence of LID is that mimicking nature is the best stormwater management. Designs should encourage on-site treatment and allow runoff to infiltrate where it is generated. Although the approach is holistic and proven performances have been claimed, much is still to be learned and needs of further performance evidence remain. Our research investigated performances of bioretention systems in hot and arid areas (like most part of Texas), which is the unique contribution to the field. Another important aspect of our research is the intended application on highway roadsides, different from much better known residential and commercial applications.
As one may realize, stormwater management is a science-driven application, and a practice required by regulations in the U.S. Such an outcome was not easy and came a long way. From the Flood Control Act of 1936 to the Clean Water Act of 1972, it took the U.S. almost a century to initiate the legislation and reach today’s comprehensive scale that encompasses quantity and quality controls for post and during construction (Li et al. 2010). This process has not stopped and still continues. For example, the USEPA issued a numeric limit for turbidity in the 2009 final effluent guideline rule on stormwater discharges from construction sites (Construction and Development Homepage 2011)5. This means that future discharges from a construction site must be not only clean but also clear.
In closing, I shall articulate my mission as a researcher and educator, which in turn explains the intent of my bioretention research. My mission is to provide scientific knowledge, design tools, and feasible solutions to create meaningful and harmonious connections between humans and the environment. I believe that successful management of the built and natural environment is achieved through comprehensive and balanced consideration of ecological, engineering, economic and aesthetic aspects. My goals in conducting research are to advance the knowledge base of the landscape architecture discipline, bridge the disciplinary gap between landscape architecture and others, and fully integrate my research results into my teaching. Doing the bioretention research is just that.
Biography:
Dr. Ming-Han LI is an Associate Professor and Associate Department Head in the Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning at Texas A&M University. He has a B.S. in agricultural engineering from National Taiwan University, an M.S. in civil engineering from the University of Texas at Austin, an M.L.A. and a Ph.D. from Texas A&M University. He is the current 2nd Vice President of the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture and a member of the American Society of Landscape Architects. He is also a member of the Landscape and Environmental Design Committee, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. Dr. Li is a registered Landscape Architect and a licensed Professional Engineer in the state of Texas.
About the Translator:
QIU Hui , born in 1982, who received a MLA from the University of New Mexico in USA, is a PhD candidate of the School of Civil Engineering of Central South University in China. She is also in charge of the Volunteer Translators of YouthLa. （Changsha 410083）
About the Proofreader:
Dr.YANG Yun-feng, born in 1981, is a lecturer of the School of Landscape Architecture of Nanjing Forestry University and a visiting scholar of Michigan State University. He is a contributing editor for Landscape Architecture and a core editor of YouthLA. (Nanjing 210037)
《风景园林》2012第1期导读
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